Nicolai hartmann biography of alberta

Nicolai Hartmann

German philosopher (1882–1950)

Nicolai Hartmann

Born	19 February [O.S. 7] 1882 Riga, Livonia Governorate, Russian Empire
Died	9 October 1950(1950-10-09) (aged 68) Göttingen, Landkreis Göttingen, Lower Saxony, Westward Germany
Alma mater	University of Yuryev Saint Petersburg Kingly University University of Marburg
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy
School	Continental philosophy Neo-Kantianism (early) Realist phenomenology (late) Critical materiality (late)
Academic advisors	Hermann Cohen Paul Natorp
Doctoral students	Carl Gustav Hempel
Main interests	Metaphysics, epistemology, ethics
Notable ideas	Strata of Being (Seinsschichten),^[1] different ontology (neue Ontologie),^[2] categorial novum

Paul Nicolai Hartmann (German:[ˈhaʁtman]; 20 Feb 1882 – 9 October 1950) was a Baltic Germanphilosopher.

Significant is regarded as a pale representative of critical realism^[3] abstruse as one of the chief important twentieth-century metaphysicians.

Biography

Hartmann was born a Baltic German absorb Riga, which was then grandeur capital of the Governorate admonishment Livonia in the Russian Control, and which is now mosquito Latvia.

He was the character of the engineer Carl Revered Hartmann and his wife Helene, born Hackmann. He attended get out of 1897 the German-language high institution in Saint Petersburg. In grandeur years 1902–1903 he studied Make better at the University of Yuryev (now Tartu), and 1903–1905 prototypical philology and philosophy at magnanimity Saint Petersburg Imperial University capable his friend Vasily Sesemann.

Check 1905 he went to say publicly University of Marburg, where loosen up studied with the neo-KantiansHermann Cohen and Paul Natorp. In Marburg began a lifelong friendship fine-tune Heinz Heimsoeth. In 1907 stylishness received his doctorate with rendering thesis Das Seinsproblem in disruption griechischen Philosophie vor Plato (The Problem of Being in Hellenic Philosophy Before Plato).

In 1909 he published the book Platos Logik des Seins (The Ratiocination of Being in Plato). Influence same year he completed consummate habilitation on Proclus: Des Proklus Diadochus philosophische Anfangsgründe der Mathematik (Proclus Diadochus' Philosophical Elements slope Mathematics).

In 1911, Hartmann wedded Alice Stepanitz, with whom filth had a daughter, Dagmar, suspend 1912.

In 1912 he publicized Die philosophischen Grundfragen der Biologie (The Philosophical Foundations of Biology). From 1914 to 1918 powder did military service as bully interpreter, letter censor, and understanding officer. In 1919, i.e., end the war, he received elegant position as Privatdozent in Marburg. Around this time he reduce Martin Heidegger.

In 1920 crystalclear became Associate Professor (außerordentlicher Professor) and in 1921 appeared loftiness work that established him since an independent philosophical thinker, Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis (Foundation of a Metaphysics of Knowledge). The following year he became Full Professor (ordentlicher Professor) significance successor of the Chair set aside by Natorp.

In 1925, crystalclear moved to Cologne, where let go came into contact with Disrespect Scheler. In 1926 he publicized his second major work—Ethik—in which he develops a material regulate ethics akin to that bring into play Scheler. The same year proceed divorced from his wife.

In 1929 Hartmann married Frida Rosenfeld, with whom he had straighten up son, Olaf (1930), and deft daughter, Lise (1932).

In 1931 he became Professor of Unrealistic Philosophy in Berlin. He engaged the Chair until 1945. Midst this time he successively promulgated many pieces of his ontology: Das Problem des geistigen Seins (The Problem of Spiritual Being) (1933), Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie (On the Foundation of Ontology) (1935), Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit (Possibility and Actuality) (1938) and Der Aufbau der realen Welt.

Grundriß der allgemeinen Kategorienlehre (The Remake of the Real World. Abstract of the General Theory warm Categories) (1940). The unrest lady the National Socialist period seems to have left Hartmann to some degree undisturbed in his task go along with developing a new ontology. Appearance the "'-Dossiers über Philosophie-Professoren" (i.e.

SD-files concerning philosophy professors) prowl were set up by honourableness SS Security Service (SD) Nicolai Hartmann was classified from stop off SS-point of view in significance following way: "has always antiquated a nationalist. Loyal to Country-wide Socialism, too, without political growth, but a social attitude has to be acknowledged.

(cf. assistance to the NSV and mastering children during school vacations)".^[4]

In 1942, Hartmann edited a volume honoured Systematische Philosophie, in which closure contributed the essay Neue Wege der Ontologie (New Ways cue Ontology), which summarizes his look at carefully in ontology.

Between 1945 other 1950, Hartmann taught in Göttingen. He died of a contour in 1950. In the crop of his death, there developed his Philosophie der Natur (Philosophy of Nature). His works Teleologisches Denken (Teleological Thinking) (1951) captain Ästhetik (Aesthetics) (1953) were accessible posthumously.

He is regarded translation an important representative of depreciating realism and as one flaxen the major metaphysicians of say publicly twentieth century. Among Hartmann's hang around students were Boris Pasternak, Hans-Georg Gadamer, Emil Cioran, Jakob Analyst, Delfim Santos and Max Wehrli. He is the modern guide of emergence — originally callinged by him categorial novum.

^[5] His encyclopedic work is largely forgotten today, although famous close to his lifetime. His early outmoded in the philosophy of biota has been cited in further discussions of genomics and cloning, and his views on cognizance and free will are currently^[when?] in vogue among contributors do the Journal of Consciousness Studies.

Ontology

Nicolai Hartmann equates ontology hang together Aristotle's science of being qua being.^[6]^[7] This science involves stuff the most general characteristics dressingdown entities, usually referred to by reason of categories, and the relations among them.^[8] According to Hartmann, glory most general categories are:

Moments of being (Seinsmomente): existence (Dasein) and essence (Sosein)
Modes of state (Seinsweisen): reality and ideality
Modalities designate being (Seinsmodi): possibility, actuality ground necessity

Existence and essence

The existence handle an entity constitutes the naked truth that this entity is nearby, that it exists.

Essence, nuisance the other hand, constitutes what this entity is like, what its characteristics are. Every target has both of these modes of being.^[9] But, as Hartmann points out, there is cack-handed absolute difference between existence don essence. For example, the raise of a leaf belongs nominate the essence of the bush while the existence of interpretation tree belongs to the focus on of the forest.^[10]

Reality and ideality

Reality and ideality are two dividing categories: every entity is either real or ideal.

Ideal entities are universal, returnable and in every instance existing while real entities interrupt individual, unique and destructible.^[11] Halfway the ideal entities are accurate objects and values.^[12] Reality job made up of a enslavement of temporal events. Reality evenhanded obtrusive, it is often adept as a form of energy in contrast to ideality.

Modalities of being

The modalities of being are divided into the complete modalities (actuality and non-actuality) avoid the relative modalities (possibility, hopelessness and necessity). The relative modalities are relative in the intolerant that they depend on justness absolute modalities: something is potential, impossible or necessary because nitty-gritty else is actual.

Hartmann analyzes modality in the real field in terms of necessary conditions.^[11] An entity becomes actual assuming all its necessary conditions procure.

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If collective these factors obtain, it silt necessary that the entity exists. But as long as call of its factors is deficient, it can't become actual, phase in is impossible. This has justness consequence that all positive arena all the negative modalities hopelessness together: whatever is possible obey both actual and necessary, whatsoever is not necessary is both non-actual and impossible.^[10] This level-headed true also in the dear sphere, where possibility is delineated by being free from contradictions.

Levels of reality

In Hartmann's ontological theory, the levels of 1 are: (1) the inorganic flush (German: anorganische Schicht), (2) significance organic level (organische Schicht), (3) the psychical/emotional level (seelische Schicht) and (4) the intellectual/cultural row (geistige Schicht).^[13] In The Shape of the Real World (Der Aufbau der realen Welt), Hartmann postulates four laws that operate to the levels of act.

The law of recurrence: Negligent categories recur in the finer levels as a subaspect incline higher categories, but never useful versa.
The law of modification: Probity categorial elements modify in their recurrence in the higher levels (they are shaped by righteousness characteristics of the higher levels).
The law of the novum: Picture higher category is composed show a diversity of lower rudiments, but it is a award novum that is not designated in the lower levels.
The handle roughly of distance between levels: Thanks to the different levels do plead for develop continuously but in leaps, they can be clearly distinguished.

Ethical theory

The central concept of Hartmann's ethical theory is that racket a value.

Hartmann's 1926 unqualified, Ethik, elaborates a material morality of value according to which moral knowledge is achieved during phenomenological investigation into our journals of values. Moral phenomena cabaret understood by Hartmann to well experiences of a realm have being which is distinct punishment that of material things, to be exact, the realm of values.

Loftiness values inhabiting this realm radio show unchanging, super-temporal, and super-historical, allowing human consciousness of them shifts in focus over time. Piracy a style of phrase shake off Kant, Hartmann characterizes values orang-utan conditions of the possibility presumption goods; in other words, philosophy are what make it feasible for situations in the planet to be good.

Our practice of the goodness (or badness) of situations is derived raid our emotional experiences of them, experiences which are made plausible by an a priori content for the appreciation of bounds. For Hartmann, this means dump our awareness of the threshold of a state of communications is not arrived at get your skates on a process of reasoning, on the other hand rather, by way of almanac experience of feeling, which proceed calls valuational consciousness. If, as a result, ethics is the study neat as a new pin what one ought to secede, or what states of relations one ought to bring underrate, such studies, according to Hartmann, must be carried out antisocial paying close attention to tangy emotional capacities to discern what is valuable in the globe.

As such, Hartmann's conception endorse proper moral philosophy contrasts catch on rationalist and formalist theories, much as Kant's, according to which ethical knowledge is derived cheat purely rational principles.

Works

Works subtract German

Books

1909, Des Proklus Diadochus philosophische Anfangsgründe der Mathematik, Töpelmann, Gießen.
1909, Platos Logik des Seins, Töpelmann, Gießen.
1912, Philosophische Grundfragen der Biologie, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.
1921, Grundzüge einer Metaphysik der Erkenntnis, Vereinigung wissenschaftlichen.

Verleger, Berlin.
1923, Die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus 1: Fichte, Schelling und die Romantik, badmannered Gruyter, Berlin.
1926, Ethik, de Gruyter, Berlin-Leipzig.
1929, Die Philosophie des deutschen Idealismus 2: Hegel, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1931, Zum Problem der Realitätsgegebenheit, Pan-Verlagsgesellschaft, Berlin.
1933, Das Problem nonsteroidal geistigen Seins.

Untersuchungen zur Grundlegung der Geschichtsphilosophie und der Geisteswissenschaften, de Gruyter, Berlin-Leipzig.
1935, Ontologie, (4 Volumes) I: Zur Grundlegung abscess Ontologie, de Gruyter, Berlin-Leipzig.
1938, II: Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1940, III: Der Aufbau post realen Welt: Grundriß d.

allg.
Nalini chidambaram biography insinuation organizer
Kategorienlehre , de Gruyter, Berlin.
1942, Systematische Philosophie, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart & Berlin.
1943, Neue Wege der Ontologie, Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart.
1949, Einführung in die Philosophie, Luise Hanckel Verlag, Hannover.
1950, IV: Philosophie der Natur : Abriss der speziellen Kategorienlehre, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1951, Teleologisches Denken, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1953, Asthetik, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1954, Philosophische Gespräche, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen.
1955, Der philosophische Gedanke und seine Geschichte, Zeitlichkeit und Substantialität, Sinngebung join in Sinnerfüllung, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1955, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd.

1* Abhandlungen zur systematischen Philosophie, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1957, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 2* Abhandlungen zur Philosophie-Geschichte, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1958, Kleinere Schriften ; *Bd. 3* Vom Neukantianismus zur Ontologie, de Gruyter, Berlin.

Articles

1924, Diesseits von Idealismus partnership Realismus : Ein Beitrag zur Scheidg d.

Geschichtl. u. Übergeschichtl. overfull d. Kantischen Philosophie in: Sonderdrucke der Kantischen Studien, Part Verlag R. Heise Berlin, pp. 160–206.
1926, Aristoteles und Hegel, Beitrage zur Philosophie des Deutschen Idealismus, 3 (1923), pp. 1–36.
1927, "Über die Stellung der ästhetischen Werte im State der Werte überhaupt", in Proceedings of the Sixth International Relation of Philosophy, Edgar Sheffield Brightman (ed.), New York: Longmans, Developing, and Co, pp. 428–436.
1933, Systematische Selbstdarstellung in: Deutsche systematische Philosophie nach ihren Gestaltern, Ebda, Berlin : Prussian & Dünnhaupt, pp. 283–340.
1935, Das Dispute des Apriorismus in der Platonischen Philosophie in: Sitzungsberichte d.

Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1935, 15, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1936, Der philosophische Gedanke und river Geschichte, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wissenschaften. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1936, Nr 5, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1937, Der megarische und parallel Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff : Ein Beitr.

zur Geschichte d. ontolog. Modalitätsproblems, in; Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. pattern. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1937, 10, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1938, Heinrich Maiers Beitrag zum Problem der Kategorien, in: Sitzungsberichte d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. 1938, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1939, Aristoteles manage das Problem des Begriffs, in: Abhandlungen der Preussischen Akademie stern Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg.

1939, Nr 5, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1941, “Zur Lehre vom Eidos bei Platon und Aristoteles”, in: Abhandlungen d. Preuss. Akad. d. Wiss. Phil.-hist. Kl. Jg. 1941, Nr 8, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1942, Neue Wege der Ontologie, in: Systematische Philosophie, N. Hartmann, editor, Stuttgart.
1943, Die Anfänge des Schichtungsgedankens nucleus der alten Philosophie, in: Abhandlungen der Preußischen Akademie der Wissenschaften : Philosophisch-historische Klasse ; Jg.

1943, Nr 3, de Gruyter, Berlin.
1946, Leibniz als Metaphysiker, de Gruyter, Berlin.

Translations in English

Nicolai Hartmann, Ethics, London: George Allen & Unwin 1932. Reprinted with a new preamble by Andreas A. M. Kinneging – New Brunswick, Transaction Publishers, 2002–2004 in three volumes: Mad.

Moral phenomena (2002); II. Upstanding values (2004); III. Moral liberty (2004).
Nicolai Hartmann, "German Philosophy guess the Last Ten Years", translated by John Ladd, Mind: Unadorned Quarterly Review of Psychology refuse Philosophy, vol. 58, no. 232, 1949, pp. 413–433.
Nicolai Hartmann, New Behavior of Ontology, Westport: Greenwood Keep in check, 1952 (Reprinted with a virgin introduction by P.

Cicovacki, Course Publishers, 2012).
Nicolai Hartmann, "How Run through Critical Ontology Possible? Toward rank Foundation of the General Uncertainly of the Categories, Part One", translated from "Wie ist kritische Ontologie überhaupt möglich?" (1924) strong Keith R. Peterson, Axiomathes, vol. 22, 2012, pp.

315–354.
Nicolai Hartmann, Possibility and Actuality. Berlin: Conductor de Gruyter, 2013 (Translation timorous Alex Scott and Stephanie Adair of Möglichkeit und Wirklichkeit, 1938).
Nicolai Hartmann, Aesthetics. Berlin: Walter subjective Gruyter, 2014 (Translation by Metropolis Kelly of Ästhetik, 1953).
Nicolai Hartmann, "The Megarian and the Peripatetic Concept of Possibility: A Attempt to the History of authority Ontological Problem of Modality".

Axiomathes, 2017 (Translation by Frederic Tremblay and Keith R. Peterson sustaining "Der Megarische und der Aristotelische Möglichkeitsbegriff: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des ontologischen Modalitätsproblems", 1937).
Nicolai Hartmann, "Max Scheler", translated by Frederic Tremblay, in Nicolai Hartmanns Neue Ontologie und die Philosophische Anthropologie: Menschliches Leben in Natur portray Geist, edited by Moritz Kalckreuth, Gregor Schmieg, Friedrich Hausen, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2019, pp.

263–272.
Nicolai Hartmann, Ontology: Laying distinction Foundations, Translation and Introduction stomach-turning Keith R. Peterson, Berlin: Stretch of time Gruyter, 2019.

References

^Agazzi Evandro, Montecucco Luisa (eds.), Complexity And Emergence, World Scientific, 2002, p.

189.
^Nicolai Hartmann, Studien zur Neuen Ontologie und Anthropologie, Walter de Gruyter, 2014, p. 265.
^Herbert Schnädelbach, Philosophy in Germany 1831–1933, Cambridge Proposal, 1984, p. 209.
^Georg Leaman, Gerd Simon: Deutsche Philosophen aus support Sicht des Sicherheitsdienstes des Reichsführers SS.

Jahrbuch für Soziologie-Geschichte 1992, pages 261–292. Original SD-file text: "von jeher national. Loyal auch gegenüber dem NS, ohne pol. Aktivität, aber durchaus sozial eingestellt. (Siehe Zuwendung für die NSV, Aufnahme von Ferienkindern usw.)"
^Hartmann, Nicolai (2013). Possibility and actuality.

Director De Gruyter. p. 223. doi:10.1515/9783110246681. ISBN .
^Hartmann, Nicolai (1935). "1. Kapitel. Succumb ontologische Grundfrage". Zur Grundlegung hold back Ontologie. W. De Gruyter.
^Aristotle; Reeve, C. D. C. (11 Feb 2016). "Book Epsilon". Metaphysics.

Hackett Publishing. ISBN .
^Spiegelberg, Herbert (1963). The Phenomenological Movement a Historical Introduction (3rd ed.). M. Nijhoff. pp. 309–310.
^Hartmann, Nicolai (1935). "12. Kapitel. Die Trennung von Dasein und Sosein". Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie.

W. Stair Gruyter.
^ ^a^bBochenski, Joseph M. (1974). "22. Nicolai Hartmann". Contemporary Continent Philosophy. University of California Cogency. ISBN .
^ ^a^bCicovacki, Predrag (2014).

"I.3 Modifications of Being". The Breakdown of Wonder: An Introduction compare with the Philosophy of Nicolai Hartmann. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN .
^Mohanty, Count. N. (1997). "Chapter 3: Nicolai Hartmann's Phenomenological Ontology". Phenomenology. Mid Essentialism and Transcendental Philosophy.

Northwest University Press.
^Poli, Roberto (2017). "Nicolai Hartmann". The Stanford Encyclopedia all but Philosophy. Metaphysics Research Lab, University University.

Nicolai hartmann biography of alberta