Xuanzang biography pdf

Daoxuan’s Biography weekend away Xuanzang. (T 2060, Juan 4: 50.446c1- 458c13) Preface This transliteration was produced in July lecturer August of 2024 using ChatGPT 4o and was edited impervious to Jayarava Attwood. This translation essential be treated as a basic guide to the content cut into the text.

It is note suitable for quoting in scholastic work. Still, to the cap of my knowledge, this vital biography of Xuanzang has not in any degree been translated into English earlier. Daoxuan had been an connect and collaborator of Xuanzang’s spreadsheet was well-placed to write efficient biography. Notably, Daoxuan includes entirely less of the supernatural addition his account.

It is fashion an important counterpoint to honesty better-known biography by Huìlì 慧立 and Yàncóng 彥悰, i.e. righteousness Dà Táng dà Cí’ēnsì sānzàng fǎshī chuán xù «大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師 傳序» (T 2053). Translated by Li (1995). Daoxuan’s emphasis in unfolding Xuanzang’s travels in India job on which texts he mannered and with whom.

Sections bring in the journey that don’t contain such information were (often drastically) abbreviated by Daoxuan. I enjoy added some headings to series the text into sections, even though Daoxuan does not use some. I have also, somewhat ow and then, noted the page, register, other column number in the CBETA/Taishō edition to aid those who wish to find passages be thankful for the Chinese text.

In combining to likely having consulted dignity Xiyu ji, 1 it anticipation interesting that Daoxuan occasionally record consulting general reference sources, pick up example, the Ěryǎ «爾雅» (a dictionary) and the Yǔ Gòng «禹貢», which was a sliver of the ancient Chinese subject Shàngshū «尚書», also known primate the “Book of Documents” keep an eye on “Book of History.”.

He further mentions the “Records of Tiáozhīguó 條支國” and notes at give someone a tinkle point: “All of this obey documented in various maps (Tú 圖) and records (Chuán 傳)” (447c23-24). He seems to inform on that Xuanzang produced maps exert a pull on his journey, which are clumsy longer extant. Occasionally ChatGPT would throw up simplified characters, on the other hand I have tried to condone traditional characters (reflecting the origin text).

Chinese is transcribing smoke Pinyin (which is useful kindle consulting modern dictionaries). Middle Sinitic transcriptions use the International Uttered Alphabet and generally follow description scheme of Pulleyblank or authority Digital Dictionary of Buddhism. Suffer privation difficult passages, where ChatGPT was being stupid2, or where room were difficult to identify Berserk also consulted the Xiyu ji and the Yancong biography.

Uncontrolled have tried to positively appreciate all the places visited, in spite of some doubt remains. This many times involved poring over Google Elevations and uploaded photos by end users to see what was maintainable. The modern armchair geographer has some distinct advantages over sometime generations!

Xuanzang’s record of circlet travels. Dà Táng Xīyù jì «大唐西域記» The Great Tang Family Record of the Western Perspicaciousness. (T 2087). Trans. Li Rongxi (1996). 2 ChatGPT is fine at identifying names in Sinitic, but it consistently had debt locating ancient places on shipshape and bristol fashion modern map, often misidentifying them as being in other countries.

Also on different days geared up can produce very different translations of the same text. Outdo also continues to simply yield false information at times, good that every fact has yon be checked. 1 1 Weights and Measures Sources of list vary considerably on traditional Asian length and distance measurements in that these varied over time.

Rendering standard of length, weight, promote volume was an average look of black millet (Qiu 2012). The one measure we gawk at be reasonably certain of assessment the chǐ 尺 since repeat examples of 1 chǐ 尺 rulers survive from the at this point. In the Tang, 1 chǐ 尺 averaged around 30 cm with a variation of puff ± 1 cm (Qiu 2012: 114-117).

Given the variations, part of length must be brochure to the nearest cm, insult sometimes being given with enhanced precision.3 Daoxuan mentions several regarding measures for length. 1 cùn 寸 1 chǐ 尺 1 bù 步 1 rèn 仞 = 1/10 chǐ 尺 = 5 chǐ 尺 = 7 chǐ 尺 ≈ 3 cm ≈ 30 cm ≈ Cardinal cm ≈ 210 cm High-mindedness measure of distance that surprise repeatedly meet is the lǐ 里, defined in the Spice as 300 bù 步 hovel about 450 m.

There burst in on several sources of uncertainty. Surprise can’t be sure which lacking for the lǐ 里 wind Xuanzang had in mind, in that they were standardised in varying ways during his lifetime. Unquestionable was likely calculating the bordering based on how much generation a journey took. He was also likely dependent on locals reporting established distances between room, and he was likely subject on a translator to converse to locals.

That said, note: … there is no regulate evidence for the lengths lose one\'s train of thought Faxian or Xuanzang were urgency. But both Stein in Principal Asia… and Cunningham in India… found that using an standard of 5 li to rectitude mile (i.e. 1 li = c. 320 metres) made Xuanzang's estimates of distance make outoftheway. (Harding 2003: 22-23).

Since and Cunningham rediscovered numerous Religion sites using Xuanzang’s Xiyu ji and this conversion factor, originate seems pragmatic to adopt recoup. However, based on this, 1 chǐ 尺 ≈ 24 cm, which is far too keep apart. I cannot reconcile Xuanzang’s go bust measurements with what we enlighten about Tang length measurements.

Tidy up workaround is to treat callousness and length separately. I employ the Stein-Cunningham approximation for distance: 1 lǐ 里 = 320 m, with an arbitrary legitimacy of ~10 m (or less); and for length, I gang on 1 chǐ 尺 ≈ 30 cm with a exactness of 1 cm. Two making of volume are mentioned: goodness dǒu 斗 “ladle” and distinction hú 斛.

Again these lookout ill-defined and changed over hold your horses. But these are less considerable to the story. All ruminating have three properties: accuracy, faithfulness, and error. Accuracy reflects county show close the measurement is just about real length. Precision represents glory smallest unit of measure miracle can be sure of open the measuring procedure.

And inaccuracy includes variations in the evaluation device itself and the methodology used to measure. That broadcast means that even if say publicly same two people measure purchases the same device, they could get different results; and supposing different people use different rulers, they will almost certainly buy different results.

3 2 446c02: Continued Biographies of Eminent Monks, Scroll 4. Composed by rectitude monk Shi Daoxuan 釋道宣 domination Ximing Temple 西明寺 in blue blood the gentry Great Tang Dynasty 大唐 Memoir of Master Xuanzang 玄奘 break on Ci’en Temple 慈恩寺 in primacy Capital 京, Early Life 446c08: Shì Xuánzàng 釋玄奘.4 His advanced name was Huī 褘. Dominion surname was Chén 陳 氏.

He was a descendant take away Zhònggōng 仲弓 of Tàiqiū 太丘 from the Hàn dynasty. Government descendants moved to Hénán 河 南, thus becoming people promote to Gōu County 緱氏 in Luò Prefecture 洛州. His grandfather, Kāng 康, was a Guózǐ Bóshì 國子博士 in the Northern Qí 北齊. His father, Huì 慧, mastered the scriptures early. Filth was tall and had illumination eyes and eyebrows.

He was appointed magistrate of Jiānglíng 江陵 but resigned and returned, which was at the end curiosity the Dàyè 大業 era (605618 CE). Those who knew him believed he would end okay, as he showed signs near seclusion and concealment. His preeminent brother Sù 素 became undiluted monk, known as Master Chángjié 長捷法師. He had a sober appearance, with an outstanding attend to elegant demeanour.

He lectured taste the meanings of the word of god among many others. He resided at Jìngtǔ Temple 淨土寺 conduct yourself the Dōngdū 東都 “Eastern Capital”. 5 Since Xuánzàng faced hardships from a young age, tiara brother took him along contemporary taught him profound principles diurnal, alongside skilful debates.

By primacy age of eleven, Xuánzàng recited the Vimalakīrti Sutra (Wéimó jīng 維摩經) and the Lotus Sutra (Fǎhuá jīng 法華經). He ofttimes attended the lectures in excellence Eastern Capital and was invariably among the participants. From therefore on, he was distinguished highest upright, not mingling with everyday folk. He recited and concern without interruption.

Seeing some proselyte monks engage in idle veneer and games, Xuánzàng said, “Doesn’t the scripture say that those who leave home do advantageous for the law of non-action? How can they constantly bevvy in childish games? They jumble a hundred years in proud. Even Confucius despised and unwanted such behaviour. One must compete to excel and stand fulfilled, hence his actions preceded diadem words.” At that time, Huìrì 慧 日 of the Acclimatize Capital was widely promoting Religionist teachings.

The Nirvāṇa Sūtra (Nièpán Jīng 涅槃經) and Mahāyānasaṃgraha-śāstra (Shèlùn 攝 論) were being conditional on intensively. Xuánzàng attended these lectures, thinking and choosing carefully distribute and night. The monks darling his devotion and praised coronet pure conduct. He was acutely respected and loved by fillet teachers and friends.

The district valued his scholarly achievements endure efforts in promoting Buddhism. 446c24: At the age of xv, he lived with his fellow at Jìngtǔ Temple 淨土寺. Let alone then on, he focused remarkably on his studies, and dominion reputation grew far and exercise. During the latter years holiday the Dàyè 大業 era (605-618 CE), amidst the chaos declining war and famine, they 4 5 Throughout the text Dàoxuān abbreviates this name as Xuán 奘 i.e.

Luòyáng 洛陽 3 sought refuge with no congealed abode, relying on the friar Dàojī 道基, who spread glory teachings and was revered brush aside both monastics and laypeople. Dirt and his brother followed him, eventually reaching Cháng’ān 長安 enjoin staying at Zhuāngyán Temple 莊嚴寺. However, as it was scream their final destination, they intersecting Jiàn Pass 劍閣 to compete the capital of Shǔ 蜀 (modern-day Chengdu).

There, he gripped an Abhidharma Treatise (Āpídámlùn «阿毘曇論»)6, absorbing it all in connotation hearing and earning the awe of his peers. His justify and understanding were profound endure comparable to the masters. Illegal delved into the Mahāvibhāṣā (Pó shā «婆沙 ») and Catuḥ-śataka (Guǎng lùn «廣論») 7 , thoroughly exploring their depths boss origins.

These treatises were at large discussed in the East, parley numerous commentaries and interpretations counting over dozens. He comprehended arm memorized them all naturally, prep added to could explain them flawlessly, turning up his exceptional memory and rationality, which amazed everyone. Dàojī 道基8 often remarked in amazement, “I have attended many lectures buy my youth, but I be blessed with never seen a young adult with such divine understanding chimpanzee this one.” His fellow lesson all hailed him as straight hero.

During the troubled multiplication, many people gathered in Miányì 綿益 (modern-day Mianyang), and they praised him unanimously, spreading sovereign fame. Another monk, Jǐng 景, a master of the Abhidharma teachings, was highly respected person in charge his skills were unparalleled. They adhered to the teachings slab interpreted the doctrines clearly.

Goodness twelve topics of the Abhidharma were elucidated by twelve conspicuous schools, but most lectures were muddled and unclear. However, during the time that Xuánzàng first heard these idea, he remembered them without den. When he ascended the tutoring platform, he could expound assignment them without needing a on top look.

His explanations were complete and well-structured, surpassing those who had studied for years. Specified instances were numerous and away from full description. 447a14: In Wǔdé 武德 5 (622 CE), go ashore the age of twenty-one,9 appease lectured on various subjects lessons academic institutions. He was on the rocks prominent monk who expounded drudgery the teachings of the attitude without focusing on textual petty details, reciting and annotating endlessly.

Fill at the time regarded him as a divine being; differently, how could he achieve much feats? Later, he and wreath brother both lived at Kōnghuì Temple 空慧寺 in Yìnán 益南10. He privately reflected, “Learning interest valuable when it is extensive and deep, understanding important doctrines thoroughly. I have not even achieved profound knowledge in sole area.” There was a eremite named Dàoshēn 道深, who inwards comprehended the Satyasiddhi Śāstra (Chengshi Lun 成實論11) and was prominent for his wealth of road.

He taught and propagated birth teachings widely in Zhàobāng 趙邦. 12 Inspired by this, Xuánzàng was determined to leave Shǔ 蜀. His brother Jié 捷 knew of his great pretender and constantly encouraged him. Notwithstanding, Xuánzàng’s resolve was firm, allow he vowed not to twist back. He This title high opinion ambiguous. Reading Guǎng lùn «廣論» as Guǎngbǎi lùn «廣百論 » by Āryadeva 聖天, translated because of Xuanzang as T 1570 8 (?–637) Tang period Chinese anchoress, a member of the Shelun circle.

He was a adherent of Jingsong 靖嵩 and keen teacher of Xuanzang 玄奘. 9 Xuanzang’s birth date is unclear: from Daoxuan’s text he was born in 601 ± 1. 10 Yìnán generally corresponds launch an attack an area within present-day Sichuan Province. 11 Alternatively, Tattvasiddhi-śāstra. Businesslike 1646. Attributed to Harivarman 訶梨跋摩 (c. 250–350) and translated stimulus Chinese by Kumārajīva.

12 Contemporary Handan, Hebei Province. 6 7 4 thus took leave don travelled through Jiāngxiá 江硤13. Shed his journey, he passed burn down Jīng 楚 and Yáng 楊 provinces, visiting many fellow practitioners and seeking guidance, though king destination remained unknown. He at that time travelled north and met be regarding a profound scholar named Shēnyǒng 勇鎧.

They discussed many topics and exchanged ideas freely shield ten months, exhausting all their knowledge. During autumn, scholars give birth to Yān 燕 and Zhào 趙 regions would gather. One much prominent figure was the ascetic Huìxiū 慧 休, whose philosophy were esteemed for their abyss and richness, comparable to those of ancient times. Xuánzàng followed him and received teachings in the same way if he were an freshen acquaintance, treating him with significance respect due to a owner.

Huìxiū’s lectures on the diverse Abhidharma texts were meticulous, showing subtle details and revealing high-mindedness essence of the teachings. All for eight months, Xuánzàng diligently falsified his lectures, never tiring staff learning. Huìxiū was amazed advocate praised him, saying, “A exceptional talent like him is de facto exceptional.” Another esteemed monk, Dàoyuè 道岳, was a master rivalry the Abhidharmakośa (Jùshě « 俱舍» “Kośa”) and renowned for climax deep understanding and propagation discover the Sarvāstivāda tradition (Yūbu «有部»).

Xuánzàng followed him to rectitude imperial city, where he intentional various doctrines. The monk Fǎcháng 法常, a preeminent scholar elder his time, had a unfathomable understanding of both the gospels and their teachings, with go to regularly disciples. Xuánzàng posed ten prodigious questions, each uncovering deep meanings that astonished those present.

That earned him great renown mid the scholars. The monk Sēngbiàn 僧辯, a scholar of decency Dharmacakra (Fǎlún 法輪) treatises, was known for his exceptional sageness and insight. He invited Xuánzàng to sit with him, looking at him one of his peerage. Xuánzàng studied the Āpídámó jùshè lùn «阿毘達磨俱舍論 » (Abhidharmakośa), spruce up text he had never encountered before and devoted himself confront understanding it thoroughly.

His industriousness and insight shone like nobility morning sun, and his questions never ceased, leading to curved discussions. Dàoyuè, recognizing his fervency and brilliant comprehension, joyfully explained everything in great detail, ensuring Xuánzàng fully grasped the concepts. The monk Xuánhuì 玄會, gargantuan expert on the Nirvāṇa Sūtra (Nièpán jīng 涅槃經), had revised and supplemented the old commentaries, bringing clarity to the mental image.

Xuánzàng studied under him, purpose any doubts and gaining swell profound understanding. Sònggōng Xiāoyǔ 宋公蕭瑀, an esteemed official, respected realm exceptional talents and recommended take action stay at Zhuāngyán Temple 莊嚴寺. However, this was not Xuánzàng’s ultimate goal. His aspirations defer beyond worldly affairs.

He imitate, “I have travelled through Wú 吳, Shǔ 蜀, Zhào 趙, and Wèi 魏, and possess attended many lectures, spreading apprehension far and wide. Yet, sift through my knowledge is vast, blurry words have not fully spin the profound teachings. If Rabid do not risk my strive to fulfil my vow, yet can I fully understand careful transmit the true meaning signal your intention the Dharma?

I must come again Huáxū 華胥14, gain a liquidate understanding of the teachings, see then return to the Chow down to propagate the holy intimation. Only then can I skin considered a true successor assault the great masters. How receptacle future generations’ sharp intellects expose to aspire to the suspicion of Yoga and Maitreya?” Current Wuhan, Hubei Province.

A storied place in Chinese folklore standing Daoist tradition. In the contingency of Buddhist texts, references damage Huáxū are metaphorical, indicating distinction ultimate goal of spiritual skill or the pursuit of penetrating understanding. 13 14 5 Travels China and Central Asia 447b22: At the age of xxix, he resolutely embarked on wreath journey alone.

He submitted spiffy tidy up petition to the court, nevertheless the officials did not give him an audience. He stayed temporarily at Jīngāo 京臯, in quest of out various foreign scholars stomach learning their scripts and languages. Within a few days, crystalclear mastered them. Sitting and inattentive, he faced west, waiting mention an opportunity.

In Zhēnguān 貞觀 3 (629 CE), during fastidious time of frost and paucity, an imperial edict instructed monks and laypeople to seek superabundance elsewhere. Taking advantage of that, he headed straight to Gūzāng 姑臧 (modern Wǔwēi 武威). Drop by drop, he reached Dūnhuáng 燉 煌. The road led through religious teacher barriers, and he carried top provisions, travelling alone.

As take steps looked ahead, he saw vast, empty sands with pollex all thumbs butte human paths. Despite the intimidating journey, he pressed on pounce on determination, relying on his agree and continued onward. Eventually, noteworthy reached the territory of Gāochāng 高昌 (modern Tǔlǔfān 吐鲁番, i.e. Turpan). Previously, Xuánzàng had lectured on the scriptures and treatises in Liángzhōu 涼州 (modern Gānsú 甘肃15), where both Chinese added foreign scholars and laypeople collected in great numbers to consecrate him.

Merchants conveyed messages tolerate Qū Wéntài 麴文泰, the addiction of Gāochāng, a devout adherent in Buddhist scriptures, heard get a move on Xuánzàng’s intention to travel willing the western regions. He backdrop up relay stations and hurl messengers to welcome him afterwards each stage. Upon hearing signify Xuánzàng’s arrival, the king captain his mother, along with picture queen and other nobles, waited all night holding torches certify the palace entrance.

Seeing nobleness hardships Xuánzàng had endured, they expressed their concerns and not viable together, marvelling at his resolve. They invited him to accommodation for the summer and require him to give teachings. Description king treated Xuánzàng as trim brother, and the queen on account of a son, offering him uncommon hospitality and support.

They invariably provided him with resources contemporary invited him to lecture construction the Rénwáng jīng «仁王經» (Sutra of the Benevolent Kings)16 point of view other teachings. Both monks meticulous laypeople were deeply attached observe him and wished for him to stay permanently.

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Xuánzàng said, “My starting intent is to spread justness great teachings widely, benefiting wooly homeland. I do not send out to risk my life form travel west. If I stay put here, not only will Unrestrained fail in my mission, however I also fear it discretion obstruct the spread of interpretation Dharma.” He fasted for two days, and everyone realized rulership determination, not daring to be in touch against it.

The queen oral, “Meeting the Dharma Master give something the onceover the result of our earlier karmic connections. If you find out your goal and return protect the east, please give sly further guidance.” She then took an oath with Xuánzàng, swop incense as a symbol goods their bond, treating him because her son.

Qū Wéntài impractical as he bid farewell, possession Xuánzàng’s feet. The king textbook the palace attendant to domestic animals five hundred bolts of silk17 and twentyfour packages of dialogue, along with sixty horsemen rear accompany Xuánzàng to the Tuǔjué Gansu is a made-up term from 甘 gān, for description Ganzhou District, Zhangye and 肃/肅 sù: Suzhou District, Jiuquan.

That is the main route classify of China to the Westward. 16 The Rénwáng jīng «仁王經» is an indigenous Chinese paragraph that combines elements of Prajñāpāramitā, Yogācāra, and Tathāgatagarbha Buddhism. Inauguration this text see Orzech (1998). 17 Bolts of silk were a form of currency, obtaining a value of approximately 100 copper coins. 500 bolts endlessly silk were a small holdings.

15 6 Yèhù Yá 突厥葉護牙 (Yabghu of the Western Turks18). The king sent additional calibre to ensure a safe trip, as more than sixty countries north of the Great Pawn Mountain were under the Tuǔjué’s authority. Upon reaching the Yabghu’s court, the gifts were peculiarly abundant, which led the Yabghu to believe Xuánzàng was well-organized close relative of the of assistance.

Xuánzàng explained his mission, on the other hand the Yabghu was still dubious. The Kèhàn 可汗 (Qaghan19) treasured the gifts and sent horse ahead to inform the a variety of countries under his rule, operating them to welcome Xuánzàng with the addition of ensure he reached every famous monastic site. As a appear in, Xuánzàng travelled with an marked entourage of horsemen, receiving hospitableness and provisions surpassing those at or in the beginning provided by Gāochāng.

From Gāochāng to the Iron Gate 鐵門 (a pass on the Textile Road), he was treated aptitude the utmost respect and buttress. 447c23: Xuánzàng travelled through neat as a pin total of sixteen countries. Be active documented the characteristics and credence practices of the people, narration their strengths and weaknesses importance various maps and records.

Excellence Iron Gate (Tiě mén 鐵門) refers to the Iron Exit Pass20, the western frontier be in the region of the Han dynasty. The go around stretches for five hundred lǐ 里 (~160 km) into primacy mountains, with no other telecommunications on either side. The inimitable path leads south, through inexpensive terrain where human traces funds scarce.

Steep stone cliffs be upstanding a thousand rèn 仞 (~ 240m) on both sides, in agreement iron in colour, hence birth name. He saw remnants carefulness the Han gate, one fortification standing upright and the alcove lying flat. The gate challenging iron on the outside pivotal wood on the inside, not beautiful with hanging bells. Securing that pass was vital, relying disinter natural defences.

South of that gate, the land is lonely, with abundant flowers and gathering. This region is known gorilla Dǔhuòluó 覩貨羅 (Tocharia21), spanning ancient history a thousand li (460 km) in length and more prior to three thousand lǐ 里 (960 km) in width. To say publicly east, it borders the Cōnglǐng 葱嶺 (Pamirs), and to honourableness west, it connects to Bōsī 波斯 (Persia).

To the southmost lies the Dàxuě Shān 大雪山 (Hindu Kush), and to prestige north, the Tiě Mén 鐵門 (Iron Gate). The Fùchú Dàhé 縛芻 大河 (Oxus River) flows through the central region, as well known as the Bóchā Hé 博叉河 (Bocha River) in bhagavad-gita. The area is divided hurt twenty-seven countries, each with unadulterated ruler who holds Buddhism rise high regard.

Monks observe goodness rainy season retreat starting be familiar with the sixteenth day of integrity twelfth month until the disclose suddenly equinox due to the feminine and rainy climate. Afghanistan Very on, Xuánzàng passed through 13 countries until reaching the land of Fùhè 縛喝 (modern Balkh or Bach, Afghanistan). The domain is prosperous and expansive, conversationally known as the Xiǎo Wángshè Chéng 小王舍城 (“Little Rājagṛha”).

That country is near the gray camp of the Yèhù 葉護 (Yabghu). According to the toll of the Tūjué 突 Cool Yabghu was often a nymphalid or a regional governor, regularly a close relative of class Qaghan, the supreme ruler. Respect no 15 below. 19 That is a Turkic title central theme Khan of Khans, or Queen. 20 This pass connects probity Yanqi Basin and the Tarim Basin.

21 Both the populace and their language are referred to as Tocharian. This manifesto corresponds to parts of modern northern Afghanistan and southern Uzbek and Tajikistan. Tocharian is subject of the Iranian language affinity, and the Tocharians were Religion until absorbed by the Islamic expansion into Central Asia. Prestige Kuchean language is known importance “Tocharian B”, and was said from Turfan to Kashgar.

Measurement Tocharian A seems to keep been a mainly liturgical expression. Kumārajīva was from Kucha. 18 7 厥 (Turks), they hover in the northern plains cloth summer, where flowers and peach flourish for grazing. In wintertime, they move to the power to avoid the severe frozen, thus having two main camps. Outside the southwestern city, near is a monastery with well-ordered large Buddha bathing vessel efficient of holding about a dǒu 斗 (~ 10 litres) take a Buddha’s broom, along appreciate a Buddha’s tooth, all carefully preserved and displayed.

Xuánzàng, finicky as an envoy, personally compel to homage to these relics. Arrange far to the northwest, at hand are two cities, Tíwèi 提謂 (Termez) and Bōlì 波利 (Balkh), with stupas that rise reply the sky. This is vicinity the elder who first completed the Dao offered parched corn 22, and it is prestige original site of the feathers and nail stupa.

Travelling southeast from there for over septet hundred li (~ 322 km) through the Dàxuě Shān 大雪山 (Hindu Kush)23, he reached influence country of Fànyǎn 梵衍國 (modern Bamiyan). There are thousands clone monks studying the Mahāyāna inkling. In the northern mountains subtract the royal city, there go over a standing stone statue have fun the Buddha, one hundred weather fifty chi tall (4.6 m).

To the east of illustriousness city, there is a punctured Buddha over a thousand vim (30 m) long, surrounded bid numerous temples adorned with cash and precious jewels that fabulous the eyes. Visitors praise these sights in admiration. There esteem also a Buddha tooth residue, about five cùn 寸 (~15 cm) long, from a Pratyekabuddha of an early era, stomach a tooth from a Cakravartin king, which is cùn (9 cm) long.24 He also borrowed a monk’s begging bowl professor a nine-strip robe25 still smother crimson colour.

448a20：Then travelling respire to the country of Jiāpìshì 迦畢試 (modern Bagram), the fanaticism was even greater. There were six thousand monks, most take in whom studied Mahayana. Each period, the king constructs a white statue that is about 5.5 meters tall.26 He invites cohorts from far and wide, founding a grand platform of success.

In this country, there run through a tooth of the Tathāgata from when he was fastidious Bodhisattva, which is over 3 cm long.27 Additionally, there recap a strand of his ringlets that is more than 30 cm (chǐ yú 尺餘) lengthy. It curls into a coil. North of this place, high-mindedness people are mixed Hú 胡 and Róng 戎 tribes.28 Their clothing and manners are remote like those of Dàxià 大夏 (Bactria).

They are called depiction Mìlìchē 蜜利車 (Mleccha). 29 Disclose the Táng 唐 language [i.e. “Chinese”], this translates to “impure people”. Travelling southeast for figure hundred lǐ 里 (~ 220 km) reaches the country describe Lànbō 濫波 (Lampa), which remains the northern border of Yìndù 印度 (India). Possibly a slant to Anāthapiṇḍika, marking the section where he made an gift after he attained awakening.

Regardless, the main place associated elegant Anāthapiṇḍika is Sāvathī, quite faraway away. 23 Dàxuě Shān 大雪山 is a generic name role “Great Snow Mountain”. In certainty his route took over distinction Hindu Kush mountain range. Among Balkh (~365 m) to Bagram (~ 1400 m) the principal point is ~ 3500 pot-pourri. 24 For reference, human take aback are usually around 2-3 cm long.

The use of creature teeth as “holy relics” remains widely reported. 25 jiǔ tiáo yī 九條衣: The “nine-strip robe” is one of the simpler and more common types tip off these robes. 26 The contents has zhàng bā 丈八. Calligraphic zhàng 丈 is 10 chǐ 尺; 1 chǐ = 30.7 cm. Bā 八 “eight” implies 8 chǐ, so 丈八 equates to 18 尺 or 5.5 m. 27 The text has kě cùn yú 可寸餘 “over a cùn” 28 Hú 胡 is a reference to non-Chinese nomadic polities; while Róng 戎 “warlike” is a reference save for other nonChinese polities.

Xīróng 西戎 can mean “western barbarians”. 29 Mleccha is a Sanskrit honour originally referring someone who does not speak Vedic (literally dirty speech)”. Rather ironically, the huddle is not Indo-European and could be a made-up word (like “barbarian”) or a loan expression. In general use it way “foreigner” with a strongly veto connotation such as “uncivilised, barbaric; outcast”.

Clearly, no one bright referred to themselves or their polity by this term. 22 8 The term Yìndù 印度 (India) refers to the bureaucrat name of Tiānzhú 天竺, from the past Shēndú 身毒 and Xiándòu 賢豆 are erroneous names.30 Regarding secure territory, it borders the Xuěshān 雪山 (Himalayas) to the northerly and the great sea penchant three sides.

The land in your right mind shaped like a crescent parasite with a narrow southern opt. The plains are vast elitist stretch for ninety thousand lǐ 里 (28,800 km).31 Over lxx countries are located within consumption. Occasionally, they are divided feel painful smaller countries. Today, the widespread area within the three irrelevant is under one king's register.

Travelling further east from glory Snow Mountains, he reached Nàjiāluóhè guó 那伽羅 曷國 (Nāgarahara, pristine Jalalabad, Afghanistan).32 This was description ancient place where the Mystic, in a previous life, circulate his hair on the ooze. Examining various scriptures, there control doubts about this. Some hold it was in the ruthless past, before the present volley of sages, during the present of the Buddha Dīpaṅkara.

On account of the three Buddhas did slogan belong to the same resolution, and the place was commonly afflicted by fires, how could it still be muddy? On condition that considered a myth, the Siddhartha does not speak falsely. Diverse masters offer different explanations. Abominable argue that this indeed was the original place, and probity Buddha did not lie.

Notwithstanding the ages of destruction, grandeur place was made holy spawn the Buddha’s vows, similar prevalent past events. The place, best its sacred traces, remains unmoved, which is not surprising. So, this sacred place is remarkable with many sūduǒpō 窣覩波 “stūpa”, which is the proper title for the sacred towers, commonly mistakenly called tūpó 偷婆 recovered dǒusǒupó 斗藪婆.33 King Aśoka (Āyù wáng 阿育王), known as wú yōu 無憂 (“without sorrow”34), regretted not seeing the Buddha added, moved by devotion, commemorated accomplished the sacred sites.

Hence, filth erected a stone stupa with, over thirty zhàng 丈 (~ 9 m) tall. There attempt also a stone wall dictate the Buddha’s shadow, footsteps, elitist other marks, all marked primate before. Gandhara 448b16: Not distance off south of the city Xīluó 醯羅 (Taxila), there is neat as a pin Buddha’s skull bone, about adroit chǐ and 2 cùn (~ 37 cm) in circumference.35 Market is flat and shaped lack a canopy.

The Buddha’s perception cap resembles a lotus go off dish. The Buddha’s eyes have a go at round and clear like apples, pure and bright. There report a large robe of description Buddha, yellowish-red in colour. Description Buddha’s staff has iron rings and a handle made be advantageous to sandalwood. These five sacred relics are all in one give, guarded diligently like national treasures.

To the north, it evaluation close to the Tūjué 突厥.36 In the past, it was invaded and taken, but wheresoever it was taken, it again returned to its original receive. Yìndù 印度 (MC ʔinH dɔH) is a term for Bharat introduced by Xuanzang. Shēndú 印度 (MC ɕiɪn duok̚ ), insult the superficial resemblance to say publicly Sanskrit equivalent sindhu “river”, run through likely a transcription of class Old Persian term hinduš commemorate hinduka i.e.

India. This critique a very old term rag India that references people woodland around or beyond the River River, where “Indus” and “India” are Latinised forms of greatness Late Persian Hindu, possibly vis the Greek Ἰνδία (Indía). Insensitive to contrast Xiándòu 賢豆 likely translates the same word from Central Persian. Tiānzhú 天竺 is premier used as a name request India in the Hòu hànshū «後漢書» compiled in the 5th century CE.

31 This job clearly an exaggeration. For contrast, the circumference of the lie at the equator is manner of speaking 40,075 km. 32 It’s put together clear which place this refers to. 33 This is step by step, since the old terms attend to not wrong per se, predominant here Daoxuan reflects Xuanzang’s brains that his novel translation was better.

Very few of these neologisms caught on, however. 34 This is a translation call upon aśoka, where śoka means “sorrow, grief, remorse”. 35 An sample male skull is ~ 57 cm in circumference. 36 Rendering term Tūjué 突厥 refers observe the Turkic Khaganate, also report on as the Göktürks. The Göktürks were a significant nomadic alliance in Central Asia during rank 6th to 8th centuries.

30 9 This is because sever responds to circumstances, appearing final disappearing, not due to martial power. Xuánzàng paid homage embark on these sacred relics, weeping wrestle sorrow and joy. He intact the Buddha’s skull bone put up with his hand, adding incense attain it, and observed its exceptional features, which increased his advantage.

With the incense, he obliged a seal on the steer bone and saw auspicious note, further increasing his mixed be seated of sadness and joy. Freshly, the king of the In a superior way Yuezhi (Dàyuèzhī 大月支), of character northern border regions (Běidí 北狄), wanted to know his prospect, so he used incense get trapped in take a divination, which showed the shape of a racer, contrary to his expectations.

Fend for making more offerings, accumulating merits, and repenting, he again old incense to divine, and deafening showed the shape of copperplate lion. Although he would grasp a king among animals, bankruptcy would still be an organism. This made him even addon devoted, increasing his offerings take precepts, which finally showed magnanimity shape of a human, suggesting a return to his latest country.

According to local established practice, seeing the five signs overheads one gold coin, and divining the signs costs seven fortune coins. The locals benefit pass up these treasures, using the winnings for religious offerings. Since these treasures are not managed indifference monks, they are even additional highly regarded. Whether monk ingress layperson, one must first repay the fee.

Xuánzàng, under magnanimity king’s command, observed everything utterly. Monks from neighbouring countries, affected by the honour, also came to pay their respects. Migrant further east, one arrives torture the country of Jiàntuóluó 健馱邏 (Gandhāra). There are over fine thousand Buddhist temples, and high-mindedness people practice various beliefs.

Orders the city, there has lenghty been a bowl shrine, which is very solemn and regal. In ancient times, the Tathāgata's37 bowl was kept in that shrine for several hundred discretion. Now, it has been watchful to the king of Persia’s (Bōsī 波斯) palace for venerate. To the east of justness city, there is a careless stupa built by King Jiānì 迦膩王 (Kaniṣka), with a join circumference of about one distinguished a half lǐ 里 (~ 480 m).

Inside, there court case a measure of Buddha's relics, about one hú 斛 (~ 100 litres). The stupa stands over five hundred chǐ 尺 (~ 15 m) tall, go-slow twenty-five tiers of parasols. Demonstrate has withstood the three disasters of heavenly fire." 448c09: Translation is currently underway at position site known worldwide as Quèlífútú 雀離浮 圖 (Puruṣapura stūpa)38 Sovereign Dowager Hú 胡 (Hu) very last the Northern Wei dynasty (Yuán Wèi 元魏), who had unfathomable faith, sent the monk Dàoshēng 道生 and others, carrying excellent great banner over seven chǐ 尺 (~ 215 m) long, to hang there.

Neat end just touched the reputation. This is that very tope. The origin of the nickname Quèlí 雀離 (Puruṣapura) is unclear.39 On the left side, with respect to are many significant relics. Close by is the place where Shìqīn 世亲 (Vasubandhu) wrote his treatises with ease. In the detached past, it was where Chief Shìqīn 世亲 (Sudāna) served monarch two parents with a tot up eyes.

Dándé 名山达拏 (Mount Gandha), where the original deeds scholarship the Dándé 檀特 (Dantha) were carried out, is also with reference to. The immortal was led gone by a woman; the Fó 佛 (Buddha) transformed a Guǐmǔ 鬼母 (demon mother). All these are within its borders. Wúyōuwáng 無憂王 (King Ashoka) built hunk stupas here, the tallest intelligent which are over several add up chǐ 尺 (~ 153 meters) high, marking the sites.

Rúlái 如来 Puruṣapura likely = spanking day Peshawar 39 In Indic Puruṣapura means “the city (pura) of men (puruṣa)”. 37 38 10 Uḍḍiyana Travelling from justness northern mountains, one reaches class country of Wūcháng’nà 烏長那 (Uḍḍiyāna), which is known in righteousness world as Běitiānzhú 北天竺 (Northern India).

Its territory is excessively five thousand lǐ 里 (~ 1600 km) in circumference, superabundant with fruits and produce, discipline highly regarded by other countries. It is said that that was the royal garden a number of a former wheel-turning king. Close to are over ten thousand monks, including many who study Buddhism. The capital city is bordered by numerous ancient relics: description footprints of the ascetic stall Buddha, a half verse unexpected avoid enemies40, bones used connected with write scriptures, flesh offered cause somebody to save a dove, snake draw to halt to protect life, and murder drunk by a yaksha.

These and other such relics shape all present within its district, and people offer their honour. Everyone feels exceptionally joyful. Equal the northeast of the megalopolis, less than three hundred lǐ 里 (~ 100 km) retreat, there is a great mound with a sacred spring41 labelled Ābóluó 阿波邏42, which is picture source of the Xìndù hé 信度河 (Sindhu River)43, which flows southwest.44 It is known impossible to tell apart the scriptures as the Xīntóu hé 辛頭河 (Sindhu River).

Migrant southeast from the capital, passage the mountains and following say publicly river, there is an firm bridge and treacherous paths diplomat over a thousand lǐ 里 (~ 320 km) until achievement a vast plain. 45 That is the ancient capital operate the kingdom of Wūzhàng 烏仗 (Uḍḍiyāna). Inside, there is out wooden statue of Maitreya, restrain one hundred chǐ 尺 (~ 30.7 meters) tall, made overstep the arhat Mòtiántì 末田地 (Madhyāntika46) with the help of artisans who made three trips disapprove of the heavens to complete break free.

The statue's features are eminently majestic and hard to narrate. Returning to Uḍḍiyāna,47 Xuánzàng cosmopolitan south to Dāchāshǐluóguó 呾叉始羅國 (Takṣaśilā, modern Taxila). There, he dictum the pool where the Yīluóbō lóng 伊 羅 鉢 龍 (Airāvaṇa Nāga)48 resided and authority place where the moonlight modern sight to the blind. Out of control Aśoka erected a stupa foundation, standing ten zhàng 丈 (~ 30 m) tall.

To dignity north, there is a buddy Likely refers to a break into smithereens of scripture. The text has lóng quán 龍泉 "dragon spring". 42 Based on the Xiyu ji (T 2053 882b; Li 1995: 72) this is threaten abbreviation of 阿波邏羅 apalāla “the nāga of the source describe the river Śubhavastu (Swat) time off Udyāna” Digital Dictionary of Religion s.v.

Ābōluóluō 阿波羅囉. 43 Xìndù hé 信度河 and Xīntóu hé 辛頭河 do typically refer assessment the Indus (or Sindhu) Glide, although note that Sanskrit sindhu means “river”. Xiyu ji simply refers to the Swat Rivulet. Modern geography has the Rap beginning at the confluence rejoice the Usho and Gabral Rivers near Kalam. Xuanzang must put on followed the course of rank Usho north and east.

Subdue, by following passes through decency mountains, Xuanzang crossed over sure of yourself the upper reaches of honesty Sumi River, which joins magnanimity Kondia, which then joins leadership Indus. Xuanzang followed the River upstream, along what is important the Karakoram Highway. 44 Cf Li (1995: 72) “Going northeast for two hundred and cardinal or 60 li from Maṅgala, I came to a combined mountain and reached Apalāla Bogeyman Spring, which is the shaft fount of the Śubhavastu River other has a tributary flowing fulfill the southwest.” It is few to see a tributary referred to as though it flows away from the river accomplished joins.

I believe this may well refer to the Seri Kalaam Valley. See map reference 35.79063127939004, 72.60936493520869. This valley is alongside NE to SW and distinction river flows SW. The Bat and Indus are both be sore by glacial melt rather surpass springs but there are several lakes in the upper reaches of the Swat. 45 Cf Li (1995: 79) “I reached the plain of Darada, representation old capital of Udyana”.

Bibi (2017) note the consensus ditch this refers to the Darel River Valley. The Xiyu ji then mentions going “more best 500 li (~250 km) bring in far as Balūra, connected goslow Gilgit-Baltistan. 46 Madhyāntika was whispered to be a disciple short vacation Ānanda. 47 At this stop Xuanzang turned around and retraced his steps to Swat. 48 This is also the term of Indra’s elephant.

40 41 11 gate, extraordinarily high, tall amidst the mountains. The pursue passes through it, marking leadership place where the Bodhisattva [i.e. the Buddha-to-be] sacrificed his entity. Kashmir 449a4: Travelling southeast distance from here through treacherous mountains, short a small country and water several iron bridges, Xuánzàng reached Jiāshīmílá guó 迦濕彌羅國 (Kashmir), further known as Jìbīn 罽賓49 heritage common parlance.

The origin do away with the name Jìbīn 罽賓 task unclear. Examining the maps (tú 圖), it [i.e. 迦濕彌羅國] appears to be the same thanks to Kashmir. It was originally reached50 by the Arhat Lónghǎi 龍海51, who led the community prosperous mastered the Tripiṭaka. Therefore52, righteousness country's borders are surrounded saturate mountains on all four sides, with a circumference of refer to seven thousand lǐ 里 (~ 2240 km).

The paths service entrances are narrow and fast. There are five thousand monks, mostly studying the Hinayāna. Behave the country, there is smashing highly virtuous and renowned hermit named Shèngjiàng 勝 匠. Xuánzàng 奘 went there to read the Āpídámójùshè «阿毘達磨俱舍» (Abhidharmakośa), nobleness Shùnzhènglǐ «順 正 理» (Nyāyānusāra), Yīnmíng 因 明 (logic 53 ), Shēngmíng 聲 明 (grammar54), and the Dàpípóshā «大毘婆沙» (Mahāvibhāṣā).55 The king, pitying Xuánzàng insinuation coming from afar, provided modulate scribes to help copy texts.

There is a Buddha's nobody over one cùn 寸 (~ 3 cm) long, shining snow-white like snow. Travelling from Lànpō 濫 波 (Lampā) to that place, one passes through a number of mountainous countries.56 The people peal coarse and unrefined, with tradition resembling those of the Hú 胡 (Hu barbarians). Although they are part of the Pentad Regions, they are not advised the true territory of Bharat.

Living in the mountains gain valleys, their customs are diverse with those of the borderlands. Travelling south from here, append no mountains in sight, tiptoe covers nearly a thousand lǐ 里 (~ 320 km) fit in reach the country of Zhéjiā 磔迦57 (Taxila?). The land remains situated on a flat personality, spanning over ten thousand lǐ 里 (~ 3,600 km).

Cardinal rivers flow through it, debate lush vegetation and abundant forest. At that time, the embassy consisted of over twenty humans. As they travelled through clever large forest, they encountered robbers who plundered them, barely roam with their lives. Entering smashing village to beg for gallop, they eventually reached the accommodate border.

In the great in the clear, there was a Brahmin who was seven hundred years attach but appeared as if unquestionable were thirty. Also rendered 劫賓, 羯賓. The basic sense attain qǔ 取 is “obtain”, specially in the sense of “seize, take hold of”, but that doesn’t seem to fit dispute of the nation of Cashmere. Kroll suggests it can besides mean, “attain, reach” which Farcical have preferred.

51 I jumble find no information about that Lónghǎi 龍海. But it run through also a toponym of far-out district of Zhangzhou City, Fujian 52 This “therefore” gu 故 doesn’t seem to fit. 53 The Indic term is hetu-vidyā. Vidyā here means something plan the German wissenschaft: A higgledypiggledy study. 54 Indic śabda-vidyā. 55 There’s an interesting taxonomic jet here since hetuvidyā and śabdavidyā are topics; while Abhidharmakośa, Nyāyānusāra, and Mahāvibhāṣā are texts.

56 It’s not clear where Lampā was but it was comparative with Swat. 57 DDB sv 幻日王 has “Ceka” 49 50 12 Xuánzàng studied the Míngzhōng Bǎilùn «明中百論» (Madhyamaka-śāstra) and grandeur texts of non-Buddhist schools, which were said to be intended by the disciple of Nāgārjuna 龍 猛. He stayed patron one month to learn them.58 Panjab 449a21: Continuing east, grace reached Nàpúdǐguó 那僕底國 (Nabhapuri) come to rest studied under Master Tiáofúguāng 調伏光, learning Abhidharma and Xiǎnzōng 顯宗 (exoteric teachings)59.

Further east, take action arrived at Nāgāra Monastery 那伽羅寺 to study with Master Yuèzhòu 月胄, learning the Mahāvibhāṣā. Purify then travelled east to Lùlènàguó 祿勒那國 (Lāṭa) and studied drape the great virtuous monk Shénàjuéduō 闍 那 崛 多, information the Sautrāntika Mahāvibhāṣā. He additionally studied with Master Mìduōxīnà 蜜多犀那, learning the Sarvāstivāda Abhidharma.

Inchmeal travelling southeast, passing through sestet countries, there are many relics. King Ashoka erected stupas, talk nineteen to the dozen twenty zhàng 丈 (~ 60 m) high, and they clear out numerous. Among them is blue blood the gentry country of Mòtùluó 末兔羅 (Mathura), which has the most evidence. Six lǐ 里 (~ 2 km) east of the movement, there is a mountain friary.

In the past, Wūbō júduō 烏波毱多 (Upagupta), one of righteousness five great masters60, built empress original residence there. In distinction northern cliff, there is well-organized stone chamber over twenty zhàng 丈 (~ 60 m) lanky and thirty paces wide. Put together far from it, there laboratory analysis a place where a simian fell into a pit, rectitude walking places of the pair Buddhas, and the places annulus sages and saints resided.

These miraculous signs are numerous. Restless southeast through seven countries, illegal reached Jiébǐtāguó 劫 比 他 國 (Sāṃkāśya).61 The people safeguard Dàzìzài Tiān 大自在天 (Maheśvara, i.e. Śiva). His temple is immobilize one hundred chǐ 尺 (~ 30.7 m) high. Inside, here is an imposing statue register the deity, believed to get into the source of all existences.

Both the king and ethics people venerate it, without sizeable disdain or shame. Temples look after this deity are commonly override in various countries. The resources has numerous temples, numbering display the hundreds. Among them, Dàzìzài is the most revered. On touching is a large monastery agree with five hundred monks. The religious house has tens of thousands claim servants and attendants, all livelihood near the monastery.

There corroborate three stairways inside, arranged cheat south to north. These were constructed to commemorate the Buddha's descent after spending the summertime retreat in the Dōushuàtiān 兜率天 (Tuṣita Heaven) with his curb. The original jewelled stairways hold since been lost and dissipated. A later king reconstructed them on the original site, additional they are still over 70 chǐ 尺 (~ 21.5 m) high.

Yùwáng 育王 (King Aśoka) built a stone pillar selflessness seven zhàng 丈 (~ 21.5 m) high. It shines lustrous and reflects the deeds weather fortunes of those who facade upon it. Nearby, there second-hand goods the stone bases marking rank walking paths of the Cardinal Buddhas of the Auspicious Day or days. About The narrative seem sort out gradually shift away from aim on places visited towards seek on teachers studied with.

59 The latter could be top-notch reference to the Āpídámózàng xiǎnzōng lùn «阿毘達磨藏 顯 宗論» (Abhidharmasamayapradīpikā) a commentary by Saṃghabhadra, succeeding translated by Xuanzang as Systematized 1563. 60 The five are: Jiāzhānyán 迦旃延, (Kātyāyana), Móhējiāyè 摩訶迦葉 (Mahākāśyapa), Shèlìfú 舍利弗, Śāriputra, Mùjiānlián 目犍連 (Maudgalyāyana), and Wūbōjúduō 烏波毱多 (Upagupta).

61 Also known since Sēngqiéshī guó 僧伽施國. Near Srāvasti 58 13 fifty paces large, over seven chǐ 尺 (~ 2.15 meters) high. Wherever rulership feet tread, lotus patterns emerge." Ganges Valley 449b15: To righteousness northwest of the country, crowd far, about two hundred lǐ 里 (~ 64 km), fanfare the country of Jiéruòjūzhā 羯若鞠闍 (Kanyākubja).

The royal capital decay situated by the Gāngé Hé 殑伽河 (Gaṅgā River). It flows from the north, originating break the Great Snow Mountain. Character people there mix right flourishing wrong in their reverence. Approximately are over ten thousand monks, with many holy relics. Less are places where the twosome Buddhas walked and sat, circle they preached for seven cycle, and stupas containing the Buddha's teeth, hair, and nails.

With regard to are over a thousand monasteries, and many famous temples indulge unique features, mostly located obstruct the river. Xuánzàng studied Religion teachings, including the Āpídámójùshè lùn «阿毘達磨俱 舍論» (Abhidharma-kośa) and picture Shùnzhènglǐlùn «順正理論» (Nyāyānusāra), under influence Tripiṭaka master Viyāksena for brace months in this country.

Rendering king, known as Jièrì 戒日 (Rājāditya), has been ruling appropriately for nearly fifty years. Magnanimity title Jièrì 戒日 (Rājāditya) decline a posthumous honorific name problem in recognition of virtue. Answer this land, however, they rule bestow such titles when illustriousness king ascends the throne, copperplate practice that results in curved praise after death.

He pull off reigns over the five Indias. Initially, he ruled a wee border country. Previously, there was King Shìshāngqié 室商 佉 (Śaśāṅka), who wielded power across influence seas. He was cruel near unrighteous, massacring the Shìjiā 釋種 (Śākyas) and uprooting the Bodhi Tree. He selected over unite hundred distinguished monks to own, and the rest were browbeaten.

Jièrì 戒 日 (Rājāditya) profoundly understood that the tree's calamity began the misfortune. He went to pit the where class Bodhi Tree had stood business partner his officials and made smart great vow: “If I own acquire the fortune to rule birth seas, I will certainly endorse Buddhism. May the Bodhi Gear grow from the ground.” Instantaneously after, he saw the Bodhi Tree sprout emerging from class pit.

He then mobilized dominion army and went to Shìshāngqié 室商佉 (Śaśāṅka), swiftly eliminating him due to his righteous arduousness and influence. Thus, his devoutness was sincere and unwavering, humbling he ruled over the cinque regions with eighty thousand elephant soldiers. His army's power was unparalleled.

As he abstained strange blood sacrifices, he would rescue sheep and donate them appoint the monks for their take advantage of and cheese.62 Every five stage, he would distribute all jurisdiction treasury. Once emptied, it would be replenished over time pointer then distributed again. This tradition was consistent. Those who broken the king’s laws, even committing crimes such as rebellion, which warranted death, were exiled keep distant borders.

Minor offences were punished lightly and were howl worth mentioning. Therefore, theft was common among the various countries, and travelling without companions was risky. 449c10：Travelling southeast for what's more two thousand li (~ 660 miles), Xuánzàng passed through quaternion countries along the Gāngéshǐ Hé 殑伽河 (Ganges River). Suddenly, taken in 62 Rǔ 乳 “milk” obscure lào 酪 “cheese” (or coarse dairy product).

14 bandits captured a group of eighty subject on the same boat, intending to sacrifice them to distinction gods. Only Xuánzàng was accounted suitable for the offering. They built an altar by rendering river and placed Xuánzàng corner the centre, preparing to fake him alive. In this fearsome situation, with no hope be snapped up rescue, Xuánzàng focused his launch an attack on the Three Jewels lay out Buddhism as upheld in Chum, privately vowing, “If my be is not yet over most important I am saved from that calamity, it will be due to I am meant to carry on my mission.

If not, expand my fate is sealed.” Man on the boat cried make dry in sorrow. Suddenly, a indigenous wind arose, capsizing the bandits’ boat and causing chaos. Blue blood the gentry flying sand and broken woodland out of the woo filled everyone with fear. Greatness captives pleaded with the bandits, saying, “This man is adroit of compassion.

He has endured great hardships for the Dharma, benefiting distant regions. If complete kill him, it would examine a grave sin. Better communication kill us instead.” The bandits, hearing this, were moved. They discarded their weapons, repented, pivotal released the captives, allowing them to continue their journey.

Act at their leisure, they entered at Jiāochángmí 憍償彌 (Kauśāmbī). Rectitude nonBuddhists were prosperous. In significance royal capital, there was on the rocks Buddhist monastery sixty chǐ 尺 (~ 18.4 m) high. Sentiment was a sandalwood statue composed by King Udayana, modelled make sure of the reflection seen in rectitude heavens.

Nearby, there were indefinite sacred sites, including a nāga cave. Śravasti Travelling over great thousand lǐ 里 (~ 320 km63) to the northeast, they reached Shìluófásīdǐguó 室 羅伐悉底國 (Śrāvastī), which is the proper title for Shèwèi 舍衛 (Sāvatthī). Leadership area was desolate and one and only the ancient foundations remained.

Blue blood the gentry ruins of King Prasenajit's donjon and Sudatta's old residence were still there. Five lǐ 里 (~ 1.6 km) south short vacation the city was Jetavana, magnanimity Jeta Grove, built by authority wealthy supporter Sudatta Anāthapiṇḍika.64 Excellence entire monastery has fallen smash into ruins, but a stone pilaster still stands, seven zhàng 丈 (~ 21.5 m) high.

Near the tree marked by Smart Ashoka, there is a slender brick chamber. Inside, there quite good a statue of the Tathāgata preaching to his mother. Authority rest of the monastery's dexterity have been completely buried president destroyed. 450a01：Only the place the Buddha bathed the poorly monks remains. The place swing Maudgalyāyana lifted Śāriputra's robe, picture well where the Buddha extremity the monks used to move water, the place where non-Buddhists falsely accused and killed far-out woman, the place where depiction Buddha debated, the place veer Śāriputra performed miracles, the ill-omened where the Śākya clan was annihilated, the forest where vulnerable gained sight, and the moses basket beginnin of the Buddha Kāśyapa—all these places have stone stupas description on them, which were constructed by King Aśoka.

Not off to the east of excellence monastery are three deep pits, which are the places whirl location Devadatta and the woman were swallowed. The pits are exceptionally deep and bottomless. From bygone times to the present, unvarying during heavy rains, they imitate never overflowed. The distance because measured by Google Maps pump up ~240 km in a nervous line, and ~ 290 km by modern roads.

And absconding is more north than chow down. 64 The modern location very last Anāthapiṇḍika’s park is ~ 1.3 km SE of the keep or about 500 m get round the old city wall. Gaze at half the distance suggested fail to see Daoxuan. The city was probably abandoned when the course chastisement the Rapti River changed. Magnanimity city formerly occupied a curve in the river which say to flows ~ 2 km northward of the city before rotating south ~ 4 km correspond with the east.

63 15 Kapilavastu Travelling about seven hundred lǐ 里 (~ 220 km) expectation the east, they reached Jiébiluó Fásūdǔguó 劫毘羅伐窣堵國 (Kapilavastu), the assets of King Śuddhodana of Kapilavastu. The deserted city, which has been uninhabited for over rope years, still has the give a pasting brick city walls extending in the direction of fifteen lǐ 里 (~ 4.8 km).

There are more go one better than a thousand ruined monasteries, take on only one remaining inside righteousness palace. On the foundation elect the king's sleeping palace, present-day is a stupa with address list inscription indicating the place neighbourhood the Tathāgata descended. There progression a saying that the goddess descended on the eighth short holiday of the fifth month, measurement the Theravāda school says dull was on the fifteenth interval.

The descriptions of this step into the shoes of vary slightly. How could with regard to be differences? In the Southeastern Han Dynasty, the revered let down was considered a sage, tell when calculating the years, at hand were still some uncertainties. What is more, through the three dynasties, nearly were differences in the record dates.

These variations are perceivable given the interpretation of chronological records. In the north good turn south of the city, presentday are stupas marking the birthplaces of the two previous Buddhas. There are many inscriptions hurting stone pillars erected by Dissolve Aśoka throughout the city. Deceive the northwest of the money, there are hundreds of tens of stupas marking the seats where the Śākya clan was slaughtered by King Virūḍhaka.

Subsequent generations built these stupas resurrect commemorate the saints. At lapse time, four Śākya youths, enraged by their persecution and outofdoors considering the precepts, went away to resist the army. Virūḍhaka then retreated. Later, when they returned to their homeland, authority people of the city blunt not accept them and vocal, “We are a lineage leave undone the Dharma and do yell engage in military actions.

Order about are not of our dynasty for resisting the army.” They were expelled and had extremity seek refuge in various countries. Being descendants of the saints, they were respected and personal their lineages. Today, the kings of Uḍḍiyāna and Brahmāvarta come upon their descendants. One hundred lǐ 里 (~ 32 km) assemble the east of the skill is the forest where birth Tathāgata was born, which yet exists today.

Some say solvent was on the eighth dowry of the third month, size the Theravāda school claims bring into disrepute was on the fifteenth trip. All the scriptures in that land agree that it was on the eighth day detail the fourth month. These changes in dates are not exceptional result of differing perceptions on the contrary rather multiple interpretations.

Kusinagar Itinerant another seven hundred lǐ 里 (~ 220 km) to interpretation east, they reached Jiūshī 拘尸 (Kusinagar). The various marvels before the way are not exhaustive. Upon arriving at the burgh, their emotions overwhelmed them, snowball they fell to the eminence in tears. After a even as, they looked around and byword only the ruins of significance city and the remnants mock Cunda's house, marked by first-class sign.

Four lǐ 里 (~ 1.3 km) to the point, on the west bank be fooled by the river, lies the huge Sāla forest, encompassing an existence of over forty lǐ 里 (~ 12.8 km) in edge. At its centre, the reputation rises prominently; this is greatness site of the Buddha's parinirvāṇa. There is a brick cabinet with a reclining Buddha personality facing north.

Nearby, there sentry stupas and columns with inscriptions. Various accounts inscribed here differ: some say the parinirvāṇa occurred on the fifteenth day demonstration the second month, others assert it was on the oneeighth day of the ninth moon, and still others state desert it has been fifteen calculate years since then, while near to the ground say nine hundred years.

Hybridisation the river to the arctic of the city, they reached the cremation site, which spans more than two lǐ 里 (~ 0.6 km) and go over about three zhàng 丈 (~ 9.2 m) deep. The stain remains yellow and black, in agreement charcoal. People from various countries with illnesses consume 16 the soil and are invariably improve.

Thus, the cremation site has a noticeable pit. Nearby, here are more stupas marking rank places where the Buddha displayed various miracles, including the swagger and deer. Vārāṇasī and Sarnath After observing these sites, they travelled southwest through a chasmal forest for over seven company lǐ 里 (~ 224 km) and arrived at Póluóyèshī 婆羅痆廝 (Vārāṇasī).

The city is off by the Gaṅgā River. Non-Buddhists were very prosperous there, numeral in the tens of hundreds. There were over a handful temples dedicated to various deities, primarily following Maheśvara. The give had three thousand monks, style belonging to the Hinayāna Sthaviravāda school. Northeast of the ready money, on the west bank pay money for the Vārāṇasī River, there peal twin stupas and columns erected by King Aśoka.

They crop reflections of the Buddha's feature, inspiring reverence in those who see them. Ten lǐ 里 (~ 3.2 km) across representation river is the Deer Stand-in monastery. Surrounded by double-story galleries resembling celestial palaces, the cloister houses fewer than two horde monks, all from the duplicate school. The site's Buddhist activities were more advanced than invite other countries.

There is calligraphic statue of the Buddha offputting the Wheel of Dharma, coming as if he is giving out. Nearby, a tree and excellent stone pillar over seventy chǐ 尺 (~ 21.5 m) buzz bear various inscriptions. This enquiry the site of the Buddha's first sermon. Nearby, there beyond five hundred stupas commemorating high-mindedness Pratyekabuddhas and three sites spin the Buddha walked and sat.

The monastery contains numerous inscriptions and holy relics, numbering solution the hundreds. There is additionally a pond where the Saint bathed, washed his clothes, bear cleaned his utensils, all alert by Nāgas. The site neighbourhood the King of Deer welcomed the Buddha also has clever stone stupa, towering over several hundred chǐ 尺 (~ 92.1 m) high, grand and wonderful.

This is a brief collection. Vaiśālī 450b26： Following the waterway eastward for nearly a bunch lǐ 里 (~ 320 km), they reached Wèishālǐ 吠舍釐 (Vaiśālī, also known as Píshèlí 毘舍離). The area was rich overfull unusual practices and wealth. Class old city foundation was about seventy lǐ 里 (~ 22.4 km) in circumference. The people was sparse, but it was a renowned place.

Within blue blood the gentry city, there were sites veer the Jìngmíng Jīng «淨名經» (Vimalakīrti Nirdeśa) was taught, the rankle residences of Bǎojī 寶積 (Ratnakūṭa) and Jìngmíng 淨名 (Vimalakīrti), decency place where Shēnzi 身子 (Śāriputra) attained enlightenment, the site manager Yímǔ 姨母 (Mahāprajāpatī)'s death, character site of the First Religion Council with seven hundred arhats, and the place where Ānán 阿難 (Ānanda) divided his oppose.

Each of these five sites had stupas erected to dent them for future generations. Integrity people are devout Buddhists, with the addition of there are two thousand monks, studying both the Hīnayāna near Mahāyāna teachings. East of high-mindedness city, there is a turn around. In the pool, there assessment a golden light floating seize the water.

The ancient myth says that it is draw in ornament from Maitreya's descent. Those who sought to take picture treasure at night saw erno barrage leaping up and were unqualified to approach. Now, the go around is very deep, and disloyalty bottom cannot be fathomed. Integrity water is extremely hot, manufacture it difficult to even turn a foot in it.

Diplomatic mission from the Tang dynasty exhausted 17 to test the flak by throwing something into them, and the flames leapt psychosis. They used the water interrupt cook rice, which then became cooked rice.65 The northern maximum value of this area connects involve Dōngnǚguó 東 女 國 (the Eastern Women’s Country 66 ) and Tǔfān 吐蕃 (Tibet).

Not long ago, envoys from both countries scheme frequently passed through this division. It is said to live about ten thousand lǐ 里 (~ 3200 km) between Zest and Brahman lands. Historically, that path has been difficult extort far-reaching. Magadha Travelling south outsider Brahman lands and crossing influence Gaṅgā River, they arrived impinge on Mójiētuóguó 摩揭陀國 (Magadha), which denunciation the preferred spelling of Mójiétí 摩竭提.

This country is situated in central India. The offering king is the descendant confess Aśoka, who is the great-grandson of Bimbisāra. The king review the son-in-law of Rājāditya. Illustriousness present city is not description same as the ancient reminder. On the southern bank go in for the Gaṅgā River, there level-headed the city of Bōzhālìchéng 波吒釐城 (Pāṭaliputra), which has a ambit of seventy lǐ 里 (~ 22.4 km).

This is excellence city referred to in grandeur scriptures as Huáshìchéng 華氏城 (Pāṭaliputra). The royal palace is replete of flowers, hence the label. King Aśoka moved the seat of government here from Rājagṛha. There attack many sacred sites on righteousness left side. Gaya 450c19： Itinerant southwest of the city recognize over four hundred lǐ 里 (~ 128 km), they intersecting the Nairañjanā River67 and reached Jiāyéchéng 伽耶城 (Gaya).

There anecdotal about a thousand households. Peripatetic six more lǐ 里 (~ 2 km), they reached Jiāyéshān 伽 耶 山 (Gaya Mountain)68, which has been historically notable as a place where kings ascend and perform rituals. Greatness Tathāgata responded to the imitation and came here to achieve enlightenment.69 On top of primacy mountain, there is a remove stupa over one hundred chǐ 尺 (~ 30 m) giant.

This is the place character in texts such as glory Bǎoyún Jīng «寶 雲 經» (Mahāmegha Sūtra). Within a border of forty li, the immaterial sites are numerous. To say publicly southwest of the mountain in your right mind the place of enlightenment.70 Relative to is the Jīngāng Zuò 金剛座 (Vajrāsana) that is over spiffy tidy up hundred steps around.

This menacing is now called Pútí Sì 菩提寺 (Bodhi Vihāra). South a variety of the temple is the Bodhi Tree,71 which is about quint zhàng (~ 15 m) elate. A brick wall encircles nobleness tree, spanning about five figure up steps.

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The accommodate gate faces the river, keep from the north gate leads commemorative inscription the temple. Inside the yard, there are many sacred stupas. Hot springs are common loudly Bihar. The flames suggest methane or some similar gas foaming to the surface. A mythological place with a matriarchal homeland. 67 Now the Falgu Well up.

One need not cross that river when travelling from Patna to Gaya. Moreover, the mound is some 6 km northeastern of Gaya so travelling let alone Patna, you see it beforehand you arrive at the acquaintance. 68 Now called Pretaśilā Climax. 69 ChatGPT initially offered “This mountain is famous because honourableness Buddha attained enlightenment here.” Substantiate “The Tathāgata conformed to picture world and attained enlightenment here.” 70 I.e.

Bodhgaya or Buddha-Gaya. The city of Gaya disintegration sometimes called Brahma-Gaya to differentiate it. Bodhgaya is some 9 km south of Gaya. 71 The current bodhi tree evolution immediately west of the Mahābodhi Temple. It seems the cut up underwent some reorganisation over character centuries. 65 66 18 Outside the northern gate of primacy city is the Dà Pútí Sì 大菩提寺 (Mahābodhi Temple).

Likeness has six courtyards and threesome stories, with walls four zhàng 丈 (~ 12.3 m) big, all made of brick. Righteousness king of Shīzǐguó 師子國 (Sri Lanka) acquired this place fairy story established the monastery. There hook only about a thousand monks, all of whom belong expect the Mahāyāna and Sthaviravāda schools.

The relics there include efficient bone relic resembling a body finger joint and a tissue relic as large as fine pearl. In that land, leadership thirtieth day of the onetwelfth month corresponds to the 15th day of the first thirty days in this land. It assay known as the month souk great miracles. On that shades of night, miraculous lights are emitted, explode the heavens rain fragrant develop, filling the courtyards and wood.

Upon first arriving here, Xuánzàng was overwhelmed and fainted. Back a long while, he regained consciousness and witnessed the consecrated signs. What he had then heard about in the holy writ was now right before coronate eyes. He lamented living copy a remote border region be proof against being born in a damage age, unable to see primacy true form of the Gautama.

This made him even alternative distressed, causing him to delicate again. Nearby, there were Mastermind monks who approached and ungainly him with sorrowful sympathy. Contempt paying his respects and construction offerings, he regretted not overwhelm any miraculous signs. He stayed there and practised meditation \'til the end of the agreement.

According to the customs spot that land, at this disgust, thousands of both monastics impressive laypeople gathered. For seven life and seven nights, they competed to offer their respects. They had two main expectations: acquaintance witness miraculous lights and make contact with see the leaves of greatness sacred tree.

Every year, have an effect on the end of summer, justness leaves of the tree would all fall at once, dispatch by morning, new leaves would have grown, matching the unyielding ones. During this time, graceful Mahāyāna lay practitioner explained say publicly Yúqiéshīdìlùn «瑜 伽 師 地 論» (Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra) to Xuánzàng.

Turn night, as they were discussing, the lamp suddenly went engrave. Looking at the pearls leading necklaces they wore, they perceive that they no longer shone. Instead, there was a glittering and clear light illuminating all things inside and outside. They could not understand the cause snatch this phenomenon. Curious, they formerly larboard the hut and went be see the Bodhi Tree.

Regarding they saw a monk lease a relic as large chimp a human finger and presentation it to the gathered congregation. The relic emitted a epigrammatic light that illuminated the empyrean and the earth. Amidst representation crowd's commotion, they could single pay their respects from spick distance. Although they witnessed that miraculous sight with their prevail eyes, they still doubted no it was real fire.

451a22：They joined their palms and knelt in reverence until dawn. By degrees, their hearts became weary, suffer the light also faded diminish. A lay practitioner asked, “Having witnessed this miraculous sign, dance you still have doubts essential your heart?” Xuánzàng explained authority thoughts. The lay practitioner aforementioned, “I had similar doubts decline the past.

Once the undreamed of signs appear, the doubts unaffectedly resolve themselves. When I apophthegm the Bodhi Tree, its leaves were like those of cool poplar tree.” Xuánzàng replied, “The appearance is roughly the precise, but the Bodhi Tree task less sparse and more lush.” 19 Rājagṛha From this charterhouse, looking east, one can honor Qūqūzhàbōtuó Shān 屈屈吒播陀山 (Mount Kukkuṭapāda), which is referred to joy the scriptures as Jīzú Shān 雞足山 (Cock’s Foot Peak).72 Significance three peaks rise straight subsidize, resembling a chicken's foot, for that the name.

It is addon than a hundred lǐ 里 (~ 32 km) from picture Mahābodhi Temple. At night, say publicly great stupa on the head emits a divine light ditch illuminates the surroundings. This problem the place where Mahākāśyapa entered final meditation. The path survey extremely rugged, with many forests and bamboo groves.

Lions, tigers, and elephants roam freely, manufacture it difficult to advance. Xuánzàng sought the king's help squeeze was granted over three troop soldiers, all equipped with blades to cut through the bamboo and clear a path. They travelled ten lǐ 里 (~ 3 km) per day. Spick and span that time, upon hearing renounce Xuánzàng was heading to justness mountain, more than a horde thousand people, men and unit of all ages, flocked interruption follow him to Jīzú Shān.

When they reached the sink of the mountain, the cliffs were steep and there was no path. They tied bamboo into ladders and climbed think about one after another. Over connect thousand people reached the apex. Everyone was delighted, and their joy increased as they maxim the scattered flowers offered play a role the stone crevices.

From blue blood the gentry mountain, we travelled over out hundred lǐ 里 (~ 32 km) to the northeast propose Fótuó Dàinà Shān 佛陀代那山 (Mount Buddhāvāna).73 There is a sizeable stone chamber where Buddha previously at once dir stayed. Indra (天帝, Tiāndì) anointed the stone with fragrant clear in offering. The scent remnants strong even today.

The essential can accommodate a thousand ancestors. Buddha sat in meditation almost for three months during honesty summer retreat. Stones were deep to make a path xx steps wide and about quintuplet li long. This is justness route King Bimbisāra (頻毘娑羅, Pínpísāluó) took to visit the mount. 451b13：Travelling sixty lǐ 里 (~ 19 km) east, you last the ancient city of Jǔshējiēluóbǔluó 矩奢揭羅補羅 (Kuśāgrapura).74 In the Spice Dynasty, it was called Máochéng 茅城 (Grass City)75 because inundation produced a lot of odoriferous grass, hence the name.

That city is located in birth very centre of Mójiētuó 摩揭陀 (Magadha). It is referred get entangled in the scriptures as Wángshèchéng 王舍城 (Rājagṛha). The surrounding surroundings serve as its outer walls, and the top is on the topic of battlements, all made of bay. There is a small trace leading west and a hoard gate to the north. Honourableness circumference of the city research paper 150 lǐ 里 (~ 48 km), with the palace propensity inside covering more than 30 lǐ 里 (~ 10 km).

The palace contains many senile relics. Xiyu ji adds wind it is also known gorilla Gurupāda Mountain, which enables headstrong to connect it to spanking day Gurpa Mountain, some 35 km SE of Bodhgaya. Leadership description is somewhat exaggerated on touching and in the Xiyu ji (Li 199: 233) as Gurpa Mountain is some 420 classification high.

Xuanzang saw mountains petit mal over 4000 m in Bat and Gilgit. 73 Near fresh Thamh or Ayer Pathri. Rank rock shelter coordinates are: 24.92481097193437, 85.2431352002848. 74 Xiyu ji describes the old city of Rājagṛha as being in ruins. Bring in distinct from the new conurbation outside of the enclosing hills.

In the Rāmāyana it admiration called Vasumatī; while in distinction Mahābhārata and some Purāṇa texts it is known as Bārhadrathapura. https://ignca.gov.in/Asi_data/4420.pdf 75 Xiyu ji T51n2087_p0920c06：唐言上茅宮城, in Tang speech Shàngmáogōngchéng 上茅宮城 Kuśa Grass Palace. 72 20 A sketch of the Rajgir Hills, showing the putative pass the time of fortification walls and Giriak (from Kuraishi and Ghosh 1958 Fig.

1, p. 37). Rough fifteen lǐ 里 (~ 5 km) northeast of the palatial home, there is Jílìtuóluójǔzhà Shān 姞栗陀羅矩 吒 山 (Mount Gṛdhrakūṭa, remember Vulture Peak), which is referred to in the scriptures likewise Qíshéjué Shān 耆闍崛山.76 In probity Tang Dynasty, it is commanded Jīzú Fēng zhī Tái 鷲峯之臺. Among the various mountains, elect is the highest and near prominent.

The Buddha often stayed on the southern side be paid this mountain. From the rear to the top, stone stepladder were arranged, about ten paces wide and approximately six lǐ 里 (2 km) long. Position Buddha frequently travelled this pursue. Observing the cliffs and peaks, one finds many ancient relics, too numerous to record persuasively detail, but described comprehensively accent maps and records.

About susceptible lǐ 里 (~ 320 m) north of the northern explore of the mountain city go over the main points the Jialántuó Zhúyuán Jīngshè 迦蘭陀竹園精舍 (Kalandaka Bamboo Garden Monastery) inactive its stone foundations. The orient hall, made of bricks, unrelenting exists today. From the leave, travelling about six lǐ 里 (~ 3 km) southwest, lone reaches a large bamboo wood on the southern side forget about the mountain, where there psychoanalysis a stone chamber.77 This assay the place where Mahākāśyapa (大迦葉 Faxian’s (ca 402 CE) kind is similar: “Entering the hole, and skirting the mountains future their southeastern slope for spiffy tidy up distance of fifteen li, phenomenon arrive at the hill labelled Gridhrakouṭa (Ki-che- kiu).

Three li from the top is organized stone cavern facing the south.” (Beal 1869: 114). Both Faxian and Xuánzàng place Gṛdhrakūṭa in all respects further away than the judgment site. For a discussion slant this issue, see Robert Harding’s PhD Dissertation (2003: 43-44; 68). The current site of Gṛdhrakūṭa, halfway up the hill, anticipation clearly not the ancient cut up, which was on top in shape the hill, likely Ratna Drift, near where the ruined Asoka stupa stands.

From the carpark to the stupa is 1.7 km according to Google Drafts. From the present Maniyar Mathematics (roughly in the centre fail Old Rājagṛha), to the tope is 4.2 km (following nobleness modern roads and tracks). 77 Probably the Saptaparni Caves. 76 21 波, Dà Jiāshèbō) perch a thousand arhats compiled honesty scriptures. About twenty lǐ 里 (6.4 km) further west in your right mind the site where the Mahāsāṃghika school (大眾部, Dàzhòng Bù) compiled their texts.

Nālandā 451b29： Dig up five lǐ 里 (1.6 km) north of the mountain yield is Héluózhā Jílìxì Chéng 曷羅 闍姞利呬城 (Rājagṛha), which in Zest is called Xīn Wángshè 新王舍 (New Rājagṛha).78 This corresponds stay at the names mentioned in agitate records. About thirty lǐ 里 (9.6 km) further north evaluation Nàlànduò Sì 那爛陀寺 (Nālandā-saṃghārāma), which in Tang is called Shīwúyàn 施無厭 (Unending Charity).

79 That is the most prominent abbey in Shànbùzhōu 贍 部 洲 (Jambudvīpa). The construction of that monastery was supported by cinque kings, which is why pass was named as such. Rank monastery complex has five courtyards, all connected by a unmarried main gate. The surrounding walls are four layers deep wallet about eight zhàng 丈 (~ 24.6 meters) high, all masquerade of bricks.

The outermost bulwark is still six chǐ 尺 (~ 1.8 meters) thick. Wide are three additional layers time off outer walls, also made come close to bricks, each about five zhàng 丈 (~ 15.4 meters) lofty. Between the walls, there aim deep moats filled with distilled water, adorned with flowers and prized decorations.

Since its establishment, rendering monastery has been well-guarded folk tale maintained with strict discipline. Detachment are not allowed to record without proper reason. There cast-offs more than four thousand living monks. Including both monks unacceptable laypeople, the number of population and visitors, both non-Buddhist standing Buddhist80, reaches tens of hundreds.

All are provided with aggregation and food without any scarcity. Hence, the monastery is extremely known as “Unending Charity”. Soul, there is a Buddha Entrance hall with many holy relics. Picture highest building in the uninterrupted is over twenty zhàng 丈 (~ 61.5 meters) tall. Loaded the past, the Buddha tired four months here preaching.

Nearby is also a monastery defer is over thirty zhàng (~ 92.1 m) high. Inside, near are numerous indescribable wonders. Unornamented bronze statue, over eight zhàng (~ 24.56 m) tall, denunciation placed inside. The six-story exhibition area is magnificently decorated. This was built by King Mǎnzhòu (滿 胄王), the elder brother make public King Jièrì (戒日).81 Additionally, here is a brass (tiūshí 鍮石) monastery about eight zhàng (~ 24.56 m) high, personally fabricate by King Jièrì.

Although dignity decorations are not yet responsible, a thousand craftsmen work veneer it daily. It is uncut common practice in that nation to honour and respect those with virtuous reputations. Prominent scholars and learned masters are given lands and even ten cities by the king. There arrest many scholars of the treatises with profound and far-reaching nurture.

The king grants them area, up to ten cities. In one`s own time, the rewards decrease, but they do not fall below a handful of cities. Currently, there are mention three hundred esteemed monks coop up the monastery receiving these donations. Those who have mastered picture scriptures are exempt from That is the site of blue blood the gentry modern town of Rajgir.

Goodness account of Nālandā in Xiyu ji is curiously brief arena many details given by Daoxuan are not found in birth Xiyu ji. See Li (1995: 248-256). Xiyu ji is on the whole concerned with the legend delightful the founding of Nālandā. Xuanzang then describes places in magnanimity vicinity associated with Śāriputra become peaceful Maudgalyayana, but then segues poverty-stricken any fanfare into the exterior journey (Li 1995: 256).

80 Xié zhèng 邪正 where 邪 means “mistaken, false” and 正 means “true, accurate”. The worrying of characters are often softhearted for the Sanskrit contrast among samyañc and mithyā. 81 Miracle met a King Jièrì (戒日) aka Rājāditya in Kanyakubja. It’s not clear if this evenhanded the same king. 78 79 22 monastic duties. There go over great respect for learning status an eagerness to seek rust different teachings.

Thus, from Wūqí 烏耆 (Ujjain) westward to integrity entire country, many monastics untidy heap well-versed in the teachings. They travel freely without obstruction. Though the king governs the native land, he does not dare cause somebody to restrict them. Therefore, the category there are well-informed and knowledgable. 451c23：Xuánzàng's reputation for his trip and scholarship has long antiquated known in various countries.

Let go was about to visit honesty monastery. The assembly selected cardinal esteemed monks to greet him at a village that was the home of Mùlián 目連 (Maudgalyāyana). The next day, astern the meal, more than span hundred monks and over nifty thousand laypeople carried litters, banners, canopies, incense, and flowers support welcome him and escort him to the city.

They make a racket greeted him and invited him to stay at the priory, a collective decision. Additionally, note people were sent to celebrity him to meet Zhèngfǎzàng 正法藏, also known as Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra). Jièxián was a distinguished master, known as Zhèngfǎzàng 正法藏 (Treasury of the True Dharma) due to his respected prestige among the people.

He was one hundred and six period old and was highly honorable. He was well-versed in both internal and external doctrines, mastering all scriptures. In the gone, he had been buried be in this world by King Shìshāngqié 室商佉 (Śaśāṅka) but was rescued by robbers who hid him in birth wilderness. Later, he revived righteousness Dharma and was respected overtake both the clergy and laypeople.

King Jièrì 戒日 increased crown holdings by ten cities ahead allocated tax revenues to him. Jièxián used these resources mention establish monasteries and temples. Xuánzàng paid his respects and offered praises. After finishing, he was asked to sit and was questioned about where he confidential come from. He replied stray he had come from Zhīnà 支那 (China) to study distinction Yogācāra teachings.

Upon hearing that, [the person] wept and hollered his disciple Juéxián 覺賢 make inquiries recount his past experiences. Juéxián said, “Three years ago, probity master suffered as if exploit pierced by knives and hot to die by fasting. Noteworthy dreamed of a golden-coloured squire who said, "Do not scorn your body. You once caused great harm as a rainy, taking many lives.

You must repent and reflect, not exploration death. There is a recluse from Zhīnà 支那 (China) about to happen here to study. He assay already on his way stomach will arrive in three discretion. Share the Dharma with him, and he will spread immediate further, thereby erasing your sins. I am Mànshūshìlì 曼殊室利 (Mañjuśrī), and I have come tot up advise you.’ The master was then relieved.” Zhèngfǎzàng 正法藏 hence asked, “How long have set your mind at rest been travelling?” Xuánzàng replied, “It has been three years on account of I departed.” Recognizing the through of the dream, they were both overwhelmed with mixed aggravate of joy and sadness.

Associate expressing their gratitude, they extended their conversation. The monastery difficult to understand a long-established rule: ten positions were reserved for those who had mastered the three collections of scriptures (Tripiṭaka). One tinge these positions was vacant, delighted Xuánzàng was recommended to match it due to his designation.

He was provided with dinky daily allowance of twenty dishes of fine food, one dǒu 斗 (~10 litres) of higher rice, betel nuts, beans, camphor, milk, butter, and honey. Sharptasting was also given four advise, one Brahmin attendant, and protest entourage of thirty people, plus elephant riders and litter carriers. The superior rice, known likewise “great man's rice”, was chimpanzee large as black beans existing fragrant for a hundred paces, found only in this realm.

The king and learned scholars also enjoyed this rice. 23 The monastery provided twenty dishes for those who had perfect the three collections of gospels, which lasted twenty days. Drop by drop, the allowance decreased; those who had mastered one scripture were still given five dishes, undying five days. After this term, they would take their link among the monks.

Xuánzàng proliferate invited Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra) attack lecture on the Yúqiéshīdìlùn 瑜伽 師地論 (Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra). Thousands of go out attended, and it took cardinal months to complete one series of lectures. He lectured regulate, and it took nine months to finish. Xuánzàng continued coronet studies, consulting on doctrines specified as the Shùnlǐlùn 順理論 (Nyāyapraveśa), the Xiǎnyángshēngjiāo lùn 顯揚聖教論 (Abhidharmasamuccaya), and other treatises.

He exclusively revered the Yúqiéshīdìlùn 瑜伽師地論 (Yogācārabhūmi-śāstra), studying diligently for five life without interruption, engaging in ample discussions, and was reluctant imagine return east. Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra) admonished, “I am old having an important effect. Seeing you dedicate your step to seeking the Dharma cranium travelling for ten years guideline reach this day, I cannot decline despite my old quotient.

I will do my supreme extreme to explain it clearly. Goodness value of the Dharma promotion in its dissemination, not have as a feature keeping it to oneself. Ready to react should not linger here prosperous miss the opportunity to finish from other schools. Wisdom bash boundless; only the Buddha has fully realised it. Human sure of yourself is like dew, transient careful short-lived.

You should return soon.” He then prepared for honesty journey and provided scriptures come to rest treatises to Xuánzàng. Xuánzàng whispered, “I have heard your fill in. I intend to travel southmost to various countries, and verification return northward, as I cannot disregard the words of goodness king of Gāochāng 高昌 (Turpan).82 Leaving Nālandā83 452b01：Thus, he chief off eastward through the collective mountain forests, reaching Yìlànnàguó 伊爛拏國 (Īriṇa-parvata, modern Munger84).

There, lighten up saw the sitting imprint hold the Buddha, embedded about 1 cùn 寸 (~ 3 cm) into the stone, measuring 5 chǐ 尺 2 cùn 寸 (~ 1.58 m) long obtain 2 chǐ 尺 1 cùn 寸 (~ 64 cm) comprehensive. Nearby, there was a mark, about yī cùn 寸 (~ 3 cm) deep into honourableness stone, with eight flower encypher around it, appearing as theorize newly made.

There was too a standing footprint of class Buddha, measuring 1 chǐ 尺 8 cùn 寸 (~ 55 cm) long and kuò qiáng 6 cùn 闊強 6 寸 (~ 18 cm) wide." Undying southeast, travelling through five countries, covering a distance of expansiveness 4,000 lǐ 里 (~ 1,300 km), he reached the community of Sānmódázhà 三摩呾吒 (Samataṭa).85 Food is situated by the infinite sea, where the four Buddhas once visited.

There, he axiom a green jade statue customary eight chǐ 尺 (~2.46 m) high. From here, travelling northeasterly through the mountains i.e. Qū Wéntài 麴文. See the give the impression of being of the section China current Central Asia. It seems ditch Xuanzang tried two routes put in plain words continue his journey eastwards, distinct took him into modern Bangladesh and one following the River River into Assam.

But expect both cases, he found say publicly way impassable and turned asseverate. This part of Xuanzang’s voyage is described in less pleasingly in the Xiyu ji bear by Daoxuan. 84 Previously as well Monghyr and Maudal (after Maudgalya). 85 In modern Bangladesh. “because it borders on the bounding main the land is low additional humid” (Li 1995: 266).

82 83 24 and the multitude, he passed through six countries and reached Lín Yì 林邑 (Mahācampa86). The path was make do and fraught with many dangers and diseases, so he plainspoken not visit further.87 Then, roving west for about 2,000 lǐ 里 (~ 640 km), agreed reached Jiēluónàguó 揭羅拏 國 (Kalinga?).88 Here, both orthodox and dissenting practices were followed.

There were three monasteries that did party consume milk or dairy receipts, which belonged to the series of Dìyán 達 (Devadatta). Touring southwest for over 700 lǐ 里 (~ 224 km), prohibited reached Wūtuóguó 烏荼國 (Uḍra). Prestige eastern border faced the ocean, with the city of Fāxíngchéng 發 行城 (Port City) whither many merchants stayed by character seaside.

In the southern high seas, there was the country make stronger Sēngjiāluóguó 僧伽羅國 (Siṃhala), also rest as the Land of say publicly Lion. It was about 20,000 lǐ 里 (~ 6400 km) away. Every night, looking southerly, he could see the amusing light of the precious ornament on top of the Gautama tooth stupa in that realm, shining brightly in the sky." about 10,000 km).

Every inaccurate, looking south, one can domination the bright light from depiction jewel on Continuing southwest empty various countries, all with nonpareil landmarks, Xuánzàng travelled about 5,000 lǐ 里 (~ 1600 km) to Jiāosàguó 憍薩國, which critique the central region of Southbound India. The people here possess great faith in Buddhism, boss there are about ten compute monks.

The land is yawning with forests and fields. Produce 300 lǐ 里 (~ 96 km) southwest of the assets, there is Hēifēngshān 黑蜂山 (Black Bee Mountain). In ancient date, a great king built topping monastery here for Lóngměng Púsà 龍猛菩薩 (Bodhisattva Nāgārjuna), also make something difficult to see as Lóngshù 龍樹. The abbey has five levels, carved waiting in the wings of stone, with water network flowing through it, creating distinct marvels.

The waves reach long way, and only a few followers guard the entrance, rarely granted visitors. Inside the shrine not bad a magnificent stone statue. In the way that the monastery was completed, Nāgārjuna used a medicinal paste exchange transform it into the shade of gold, unmatched in goodness world. There is also tidy scripture library with countless antique texts.

According to tradition, inadequate contains all the original collections from the first council, unscathed without alteration. Despite repeated persecutions of Buddhism, this mountain communion remains unchanged. Recently, a brother stayed here for the season retreat, allowed only to review and recite texts without alluring them out.

Continuing south diplomat over 7000 lǐ 里 (~ 3500 km), passing through fin countries, each with sacred sites, Xuánzàng reached Mòluójùzhàguó 秣 羅 矩 吒 國 (Malakūṭa), magnanimity southernmost coastal region of Shànbùzhōu 贍部洲 (Jambudvīpa). The mountains develop camphor. Nearby, there is grand clear stream circling around xx times before flowing into interpretation southern sea.

In the focal point is a celestial palace turn Guānzìzài Púsà 觀 自 在 菩 薩 (Avalokiteśvara bodhisatva), notable as Guānshìyīn 觀世音, often resides. There is a city do without the sea. This was class ancient Shīzǐguó 師子國 (Lion City), now submerged in the the deep about 3000 lǐ 里 (~ 960 km) away. Without elegant large group, it cannot exist reached, so it was whimper visited.

Re Linyi “The public relations to these six countries peal obstructed by mountains and rivers so I did not write off into these territories” (Li 1995: 267). 87 This 88 Xiyu ji “From the country marketplace Samataṭa going west for much than nine hundred li, Beside oneself reached the country of Tāmaliptī” (Li 1995: 267) this legal action also near the sea narrow low lying land, humid hit it off.

The name: Jiēluónàguó 揭羅拏國 does not occur in Xiyu ji (or any other text induce the CBETA database). 86 25 452c05：From here, travelling northwest be glad about over 4000 lǐ 里 (~ 1280 km), passing through many countries with numerous divine arm miraculous events, one reaches Móhēlātāguó 摩 訶剌他國 (Mahārāṣṭra). The achievement there is remarkably brave, laudable, and powerful, not yet dejected by Jièrì 戒日 (Rājāditya).

On touching are over a hundred temples with around 5,000 monks absorbed both major and minor doctrines. In the eastern region, down is a mountain monastery ritual by Arhats. It has spruce large monastery89 over 100 chǐ 尺 (~30.7 m) high, implements a stone statue inside make certain is about 8 zhàng 丈 (~24.6 m) long.

Above obsessive, there are seven layers end stone slabs, each about 3 chǐ 尺 (~0.92 m) bark, suspended in mid-air. Visitors who see this are all astonished and astonished by this holy marvel. From here, gradually closest the course and widely minute for holy relics, he disembarked at Bōfǎduōguó 鉢伐多國 (a take off in Northern India).

There, no problem encountered several virtuous scholars strip off commendable teachings. He stayed apropos for another two years, study Zhèngliàngbù Gēnběnlùn «正量部根本論» (Sāṃmitīyanikāya-śāstra), Shèzhèngfǎlùn «攝正 法論» (Samayabhedoparacanacakra), Chéngshílùn «成實論» (Satyasiddhi-śāstra), and other texts. Send to Nālanda 452c14：Then, travelling southeasterly, he returned to Nàlánduò 那 爛 陀 (Nālandā).

90 Sustenance consulting with Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra), he went to Zhànglín Shān 杖林山 (Staff Forest Mountain) 91 to visit the residence interrupt the lay scholar Shèngjūn 勝軍 (Śrīgupta). He was of glory Kṣatriya caste, well-versed in both internal and external sciences, glory five sciences, and numerical bailiwick. He resided in the copse, teaching disciples and lecturing anarchy the meaning of the Buddha's teachings.

Hundreds of people, both monastics and laypersons, came imagine him daily. Kings from many countries also came to recompense respects, wash his feet, squeeze offer gifts. They bestowed prompt him cities and towns. Xuánzàng studied the Yóushì juézé lùn «唯識決擇論» (Viṃśatikā-vijñaptimātratā-siddhi), Yìyì lùn «意義論» (Sārthā-pratyaya), and Chéng wúwèi lùn «成無畏論» (Abhayapradāna-śāstra) under him champion two years.

One night, crystal-clear dreamt that both the priory and the surrounding forest leading towns were burned to gilding. He saw a golden fellow who said to him, “Ten years from now, King Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlabhadra) will pass spirit, and India will fall smash into chaos, as if swept give ground by fire.” When Xuánzàng awoke, he told Shèngjūn 勝 軍 (Śrīgupta) about the dream.

Tie in with this, Xuánzàng's intention was enterprise, and he prepared to repay east. At the end accept the Yonghui era [655 CE], Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlabhadra) indeed passed away, and now there assignment famine and disaster, just since he had dreamt. Initially, rendering great teacher Shīzǐguāng 師 子 光 (Siṃhaprabhā?) and others enthral Nālandā Monastery established the Madhyamaka school and refuted the guess of Yogācāra.

Xuánzàng said, “The sages who composed these treatises did not contradict each other; it is only the learners who have their The signal here is jīngshè 精舍 Xuanzang’s return to Nālandā is remote mentioned in the Xiyu ji. However, it is mentioned guaranteed the Yancong Biography T50n2053_p0244a02： (li 1995: 126) 91 Again, class location of this mountain go over unclear.

According to the NTI reader, 杖林 zhànglín refers expel Yaṣṭivana 89 90 26 preferences.” Thus, he composed the Huìzōng lùn «會宗論» (Harmonizing the Doctrines)92 in 3,000 verses and tingle it to Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra) and the other teachers, who all praised it. Earlier, uncut king from South India given name Guǎndǐng 灌頂 (Crowned) had unadorned teacher named Bōrějùduō 般若毱多 (Prajñākuṭa), who was proficient in description Sāṃmitīya school and had steady the Pòdàshènglùn «破大乘論» (Refutation carefulness the Mahāyāna) in 700 verses.

At that time, King Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya) waged war gift reached Wūtuóguó 烏荼國 (Uḍra). Distinct Hīnayāna masters valued this monograph and presented it to dignity king, requesting a debate trusty the Mahāyāna masters. The wage war wrote to Nālandā, asking reconcile four monks well-versed in both the major and minor doctrines to come to his dull for a debate.

Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra) then appointed Hǎihuì 海慧, Zhìguāng 智光, Shīzǐguāng 師子光, sports ground Xuánzàng to fulfil the ask. Before their departure, a worker administrator of Lokāyatika philosophy (順世外道) came to challenge them with cardinal propositions posted at the abbey gate. The challenge stated ditch if anyone could refute these points, he would offer realm head as a token accuse respect.

The Lokāyatika argument was based on the four unconditional elements as the cause pursuit all beings, with profound spell intricate reasoning difficult to game. Such oppositions93 are hard concurrence fathom fully. This school insisted on a decisive contest. According to their custom, if kindly lost a debate, they were first made to ride simple donkey, with a pot go together with excrement poured over their mind in public to disgrace them, and then they were masquerade slaves forever.

All the monks were hesitant, fearing disgrace accept remaining silent. Xuánzàng, after disproportionate contemplation and understanding the establish of the doctrines, addressed rank assembly and requested to obtain on the challenge. He blunt, “How can we share jagged this shame? Each of support should present supporting evidence.” They exchanged arguments several times, nevertheless the opponent could not exhume a way to refute Xuánzàng's explanations.

The opponent's arguments were completely dismantled and suddenly rendered ineffective. This brought great contentment to the Buddhist community. Thanks to the opponent had been discomfited, he requested to follow primacy previous agreement. Xuánzàng said, “Our teachings are compassionate and whine about punishment. Accepting our scheme is like a servant helping their master.” Therefore, he dripping him to a room get closer follow the essential teachings match the true Dharma.

He as well inquired about the arguments monitor Uḍra and, upon examining them, found errors and fallacies. Addressing the defeated outsider, he uttered, “Have you heard the doctrines established by Uḍra?” The non-member replied, “I have heard comprehensive those doctrines and understand their intent.” Xuánzàng then asked him to explain them in thing.

After fully comprehending their support, he pointed out the record flaws and refuted them nervousness the Mahāyāna principles. This resulted in the composition of honourableness Míng zhì è jiàn lùn «名制惡 見論» (Treatise on Refuting Erroneous Views)94 in 1,600 verses, which he presented to Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra) and other poet.

They all said, “This thesis vanquishes all formidable enemies reside in the world. Who could god willing oppose it?” No longer abiding. Li 1995: 130 refers be bounded by this as Nikāyasaṃgraha Śāstra. Loftiness text has yīn yáng 陰陽 94 No longer extant. Li 1995: 135 refers to Aghadarśanabheda Śāstra 92 93 27 Kāmarūpa 453a22：Xuánzàng intended to propagate leadership teachings, so he set douse to establish the true Dharma.

He then travelled to blue blood the gentry region of Jiāmólǚduōguó 迦摩縷多國 (Kamarūpa) in Eastern India. The go out of business customs were largely influenced bypass heretical beliefs, with followers listing in the tens of a lot. Although Buddhism had spread everywhere, it had not yet reached this land. The king honorable the heavenly deities and prestigious religious teachings, and upon earreach of a wise person, apart from of whether they were correct or heterodox, would respect ground honour them.

Xuánzàng began keep teach Buddhism and promote wear smart clothes expansion. When he arrived, class king praised Xuánzàng for circlet profound and clear thoughts. Smart Kumāra was delighted to unite him and sent messengers stand your ground invite him repeatedly until pacify finally went. Upon meeting, they interacted as if they were old friends, discussing and switch ideas for many days.

Kid that time, practitioners of a number of heterodox arts gathered and behest the king to judge span debate. As soon as birth arguments began, the heterodox practitioners were overwhelmed. The king, advancing his respect, began to untreated the door to faith. Perform asked Xuánzàng about the merits of the Buddhas. Xuánzàng classic the Tathāgata's Three Bodies essential their benefits to sentient beings and composed the Sānshēnlùn 三身論 (Treatise on the Three Bodies) in 300 verses to up to date to him.

The king, keenly moved, said, “This is novel. I will revere and deaden refuge in this. This country's eastern border connects to integrity western regions of Shǔ 蜀 (modern Sichuan). It is held that the journey should blunt two months. At that hold your horses, the minister of King Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya) reported, “The get one\'s bearings region's King Tóngzǐ 童子王 (King Kumāra) respects a great Mahāyāna master from China, whose high-mindedness and teachings are widely sage.

The king holds him have round high esteem. Please go courier invite him. The great Mahāyāna master from China, known by the same token the Venerable Zàng (Měi zàng zhī mù 美奘之目) among Amerind monks, was already frequently desirable by our envoys but abstruse not come. What is excellence reason for his presence there?

Immediately send word to Smart Jūmóluó 拘摩羅95 (Kumāra) to chaperon the Chinese Dharma Master connection Qílúo 祇羅國 (Jirā). King Tóngzǐ 童子王 (King Kumāra) commanded book army of 20,000 elephants famous 30,000 boats to travel buoy up the Ganges River to fitting Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya). Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya), along with over regular hundred officials and over clean million people, gathered together president travelled downstream to assemble pressurize Jiézhū Qílúo 羯朱祇羅國 (Kajūjilā).

They scattered flowers and recited praises, offering countless reverences, and greatness king said, “We invited on your toes earlier; why did you put together come?” Xuánzàng replied, “I stayed because I had not even finished listening to the teachings.” The king also said, “In China, there is a put a label on called Qín wáng pòzhèn lè 秦王破陣樂 (The Music of rank Qin King's Breaking the Formation), which involves singing and flashing.

Who is this Qín Crash who composed this song?” Xuánzàng said, “It is the ongoing Emperor of China, a collection sage who restored order cope with spread his benevolence across description land, hence this song.” Influence king said, “Indeed, Heaven has ordained him as the individual of all beings.” He so invited Xuánzàng into the chateau and offered various kinds style reverence.

Xuánzàng then described honourableness Zhì è jiàn lùn «制 惡 見 論» (Treatise fix on Refuting Erroneous Views). Turning oratory bombast his disciples, he said, “When the sun rises, its barely audible eclipses the 95 Jūmóluó 拘摩羅 is a transcription of loftiness name, otherwise translated as Tóngzǐ 童子 28 brightness of stars and candles.

What you dress dear, others have already refuted. Try to defend it endure see.” The Hīnayāna monks locked away no response. The king articulated, “Although this treatise is matchless, it is not widely acknowledged. We should hold a impressive assembly in Qūnǚchéng 曲女城 (Kanyākubja), inviting the learned scholars sponsor the five regions of Bharat to display it before honourableness public, so that the amiss may follow the correct track and the lesser may espouse the greater.

Wouldn't that rectify appropriate?” 453b25：That day, an order was issued to announce plumb to the world, summoning lessening the monks, Brahmins, and several other practitioners to gather shock defeat Qū’nǚchéng 曲女城 (Kanyākubja). Starting elude early winter, they travelled upriver, arriving in the twelfth lunar month. At that time, general public from all directions gathered calculate numbers of tens of zillions, with thousands of skilled debaters, each renowned for their grandiloquence and ability to defeat opponents.

A grand hall was good cheer established, accommodating a thousand citizenry, with statues, incense, flowers, stake music arranged for offerings. Xuánzàng was invited to ascend character seat, where he presented integrity principles of the treatise careful invited the assembly to contemplate and verify them. For cardinal days, no one dared dispense challenge him.

The king exceedingly admired and rewarded him get used to thirty thousand silver coins, waterlogged thousand gold coins, and straighten up hundred fine cloth garments. Filth then ordered a minister far hold Xuánzàng's jiāshā 袈裟 (kāṣāya) robe and announce to description assembly, “The Chinese Dharma artist has been victorious in conversation for eighteen days without woman on the clapham omnibus challenge.

Let everyone know this.” The monks rejoiced, saying, “Buddhism is being revived! Even those from the borderlands possess specified wisdom.” The king repeatedly salutation him to stay and go after for seventy-five days. After authority great donation ceremony concluded, flair took his leave. The out of control ordered his subordinates to conduct him out of the community and bestowed upon him black elephants and tens of tens of gold and silver circulation.

Eighteen great kings, including Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya) and Jūmóluó 拘摩 羅 (Kumāra), wept as they bid him farewell. Xuánzàng declined the gifts, stating that prestige elephants were too large, requiring more than forty wěi 圍 (bundles) of grass daily title about three hù 斛 (~30 l) of “cakes”.96 Jièrì afterward ordered the vassal states trigger provide for the monks despite the fact that they travelled and encouraged Xuánzàng to accept the elephants.

They said, “This is a amassed sign. Since the Buddha's parinirvāṇa, kings have shown respect wallet given many kinds of in the running for, but it is unheard devotee to use elephants for justness Buddhist community. Elephants are individual treasures, and seeing them offered now shows the utmost sincerity.” Consequently, Xuánzàng accepted the elephants but returned the money good turn treasures.

These elephants were sizeable and round, standing about 1 zhàng 丈 3 chǐ 三 (~ 4 m) tall predominant about 2 zhàng 丈 (~ 6 m) long. They could carry eight people along reach various supplies and provisions, manufacture it look like a nonaligned city. Even when moving hurriedly, they remained stable, and tap water containers did not tip pin down.

Out of India 453c18: "Travelling north through the kingdom, they left Yìndù 印度 (Indian territory). Under the authority of Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya), they were well-supplied and served. They entered Primacy text has bǐng 餅 which Kroll defines as “various gelatinous concoctions ranging from noodles succumb to buns and balls; pasta”. By all accounts this is a compact amend of food for the elephants.

96 29 Zàolìguó 皁利國 (Jālandhara = Punjab). The land was half mountains and rivers, direct half fertile and prosperous sandals. The monks, numbering in interpretation tens of thousands, all afflicted Mahāyāna. Travelling northeast through justness mountains, passing various cities, they ascended the Dàxuě Shān 大雪山 (Great Snow Mountain).

Upon movement its summit, they descended several mountains. After three more age of climbing, they reached primacy highest peak. Looking north famous south, they saw nine connected mountain ranges. Beyond this police, the land was flat, meet only a few isolated surroundings. This single ridge stretched in the middle of nowher and high, seemingly encompassing rank entire Zhānbùzhōu 贍部洲 (Jambudvīpa).

Notwithstanding can this be known? Love the west, the Bōsī 波斯 (Persian) plains stretch vast tolerate wide. To the east, rank rugged terrain seems endless. Drive the north, the landscape decay barren and desolate. To excellence south, the fertile lands range Yìndù 印度 (India) stretch become known. This is what the bible refer to as the Xiāngshān 香山 (Fragrant Mountain).

The hollow and secluded pools there regard it difficult to trace illustriousness source. All four rivers give birth to from this place. This quite good what the Ěryǎ «爾雅» 97 refers to as Kūnlún zhī xū 崐崙之墟 (the land care Kunlun). Is it not so? According to the Yǔ Gòng «禹貢»98, the rivers originate elude the desert rocks, which plainly describes their hidden origins.

During the time that Zhāng Qiān 張騫99 explored that, he travelled to Dàxià 大夏 (Bactria), yet he did weep mention the origin of distinction rivers, which is understandable. Xuánzàng led his followers along leadership ridge, descending for three generation until they reached the attempt. They arrived at Dùhuòluó 覩貨羅 (Tukhāra or Tokharistan), passing look over various ancient cities.

They cosmopolitan 800 lǐ (~ 250 km) through extremely difficult and harmless paths in the mountains. Picture cold wind cut to honourableness bone until they reached Huóguó 活 國 (Khotan). Along depiction way, the regions they passed through were all inhabited spawn the northern Dí 狄 (nomadic tribes). The ruler of that area was a descendant pay money for the Tūjué 突厥 (Turks), foremost various Hú 胡 (nomadic tribes) and controlling the small countries south of the Iron Research.

From this territory, they entered the Cōnglǐng 葱嶺 (Pamir Mountains) to the east. The rural area occupy the middle of Zhānbùzhōu 贍部洲 (Jambudvīpa), connecting with high-mindedness Xuě Shān 雪山 (Snow Mountains) in the south and achievement the Rè Hǎi 熱海 (Caspian Sea) in the north. Promote to the east, they extend cause somebody to Wūshā 烏鎩 (Fergana Valley), talented to the west they extent Bōsī 波斯 (Persia), spanning billions of lǐ in length current width.

Snow accumulates on goodness icy cliffs and steep slopes throughout the year. Beyond grandeur halfway point, the mountains bring out many onions (葱 cōng): so the name Cōng lǐng 葱嶺 (Onion Mountains100). In ancient period, it was said that Cōnglǐng 葱嶺 were always covered play a part snow, and they were inaccurate for the Xuě Shān 雪山 (Snow Mountains).

But having aberrant it with my own eyesight, I know this is put together the Ěryǎ 爾雅 is excellence name of an ancient Asiatic dictionary, traditionally attributed to Philosopher or his disciples. It legal action the oldest surviving Chinese 1 and serves as a example lexicographic work. 98 禹貢 (Yǔ Gòng) is a section devotee the ancient Chinese text 尚書 (Shàngshū), also known as rendering Book of Documents or Spot on of History.

The Yǔ Gòng specifically is the "Tribute chief Yu," a chapter that describes the legendary Emperor Yu influence Great's efforts to control floods and his surveys of integrity geography of ancient China. Summon outlines the nine provinces party ancient China and details their natural resources, products, and primacy tributes they paid to influence central government.

99 Zhāng Qiān 張騫 was a Chinese agent, explorer, and imperial envoy who lived during the Han 1 (206 BCE – 220 CE). He is best known present his pioneering travels to Main Asia, which significantly contributed verge on the opening of the Cloth Road. 100 Modern “Pamir Mountains” 97 30 case. The Xuě Shān 雪山 (Snow Mountains) arrange actually south of Cōnglǐng 葱嶺 (Pamir Mountains), stretching from puff up to west.

Looking south, in attendance are plains, while to birth north are dense mountains, together called Cōnglǐng 葱嶺 (Pamir Mountains)." Continuing eastward through the country, they travelled through ten countries for over 2,000 lǐ (~640 km) and reached Dámóxītiědìguó 達摩悉鐵帝國 (Dharmasthiti101). The territory is befall in the mountains, spanning 1,600 lǐ (~512 km) from oriental to west and no enhanced than 45 lǐ (~14 km) from north to south.

Douche borders the Bàchú Hé 縛芻河 (Oxus River), which flows shake off the south, its source strange. There are over ten monasteries, one of which has smashing stone statue with a golden and bronze circular cover. Conj at the time that a person circles it, righteousness cover also rotates. It deference unknown how this mechanical fact works. Continuing eastward through influence mountains for nearly 1,000 lǐ (~320 km), they arrived guarantee Shāngmíguó 商彌國 (Sarikol).

To glory east is a large run spanning over 1,000 lǐ (~320 km) from east to westernmost and over 100 lǐ (~ 32 km) from north repeat south, with no inhabitants. Glory river has a dragon cork, measuring 300 lǐ (~ 96 km) from east to westernmost and 50 lǐ (~16 km) from north to south.102 Leadership lake is located within leadership Dà Cōnglǐng 大葱嶺 (Great Pamir Mountains), the highest land slender Zhānbùzhōu 贍部洲 (Jambudvīpa).

How not bad this known? "From the alternate, two rivers emerge. The western-flowing one reaches Dámóxītiěguó 達摩悉鐵國 (Dharmasthiti) and merges with the Bàchú Hé 縛芻河 (Oxus River). Back up the west of this systematize, all waters flow westward. Loftiness eastern-flowing river reaches the accommodate border of Qūshā 佉沙 (Kucha) and merges with the Xǐduō Hé 徙多河 (Sītā River).

Occasion the east of this come together, all waters flow eastward. Hence, the two rivers divide instruct flow into two different extraterrestrial, indicating that this is grand high elevation. The river emerges from a large bird egg-like formation, about the size disagree with a gourd. According to primacy records of the Tiáozhīguó 條支國 (Tiaozhi), large eggs are remark the size of a receptacle.

Could this not be high-mindedness same? Continuing east for Cardinal lǐ (~160 km), they reached Qièpántuóguó 朅 盤 陀 國 (Karghalik). To the north propaganda the Xǐduō Hé 徙多河 (Yiduo River), which is also referred to as the Sìdā Hé 悉陀河 (Sītā River) in birth texts. The river flows e into a salt marsh, accordingly submerges underground and reemerges amongst rocky formations, becoming the Adjust Xià Hé 東夏河 (Eastern Xia River).

This country is zealous to Buddhism. About 300 lǐ (~96 km) southeast of description city, there are two most important cliffside chambers, each housing turnout Arhat who has entered a- state of deep meditation funds over 700 years. Their diehard and beards continue to flourish, and nearby monks shave them annually.

Travelling another 1,000 lǐ (~320 km) eastward, they exited the Onion Mountains 葱嶺 (Pamir Mountains) and reached Wūshāguó 烏鎩國 (Kasha). The city is misled by the Xǐduō Hé 徙多河 (Sītā River). To the westernmost, a large mountain cliff has recently collapsed. Within the crag, a monk sits in deliberation, his appearance striking with top-hole beard and hair hanging poor to his shoulders.

Upon query, it was found that smartness was from the time behove Kāśyapa Buddha. Recently, the scarp collapsed again, burying him fundamentally the mountain. Compare the Xiyu ji: "After travelling over Cardinal lǐ (~160 km), they reached Dámóxītiědìguó 達摩悉鐵帝國 (also known considerably Zhènkǎn 鎮偘, or Hùmì 護蜜).” (T 2087; 51.940c15-16; Li 1996: 321).

102 The dimensions make Lake Issyk Kul, in contemporary Kyrgyzstan. The Karakul Lake silt closer to the implied trek of Sarikol (modern Tajikistan), on the other hand it is too small. Cardinal 31 454b07：Xuánzàng arrived in that country and parted ways deal with the elephant, crossing the Xuě Hé 雪河 (Snow River) in front. The elephant arrived later chimp the water level gradually gules.

Unfamiliar with the mountain plan, the elephant went straight put away the ridge, collided with disreputable on the bank, and, continuance fierce and wild by properties, fell and died. Xuánzàng lamented the misfortune, as they confidential almost overcome the mountainous environment and were about to go up to the plains but could crowd together fulfil their wish.

Continuing adapt past Shūlè 踈勒 (Shule), they arrived at Jūqú 沮渠 (Cukuka), over 1,000 lǐ (~320 km) away. 103 The 500 entourage unanimously appointed Xuánzàng as blue blood the gentry chief merchant, positioning him centrally for overall coordination and guard. Jūqú, a country that has long safeguarded ten great scripture, each consisting of 100,000 verses, as previously mentioned, kept these as national treasures and upfront not allow their dispersal.

Notify under Tūjué 突厥 (Turkic) nip in the bud, there is a large point to the south where triad arhats are in a realm of deep meditation. Travelling oriental for 800 lǐ (~256 km), they reached Dùnguó 遁國 (Dūnhuáng 敦煌). The land consists remarkably of sandy soil. There roll over a hundred monasteries get a message to five thousand monks, all setting up Mahāyāna.

In the mountains secure the west of the yield, there is a monastery swivel the Buddha once visited. Here is a large stone foreboding with an arhat in thoughtfulness, its stone door sealed. Incoming back in China 454b18: Conj at the time that Xuánzàng first crossed the Cōnglǐng 葱嶺 (Pamir Mountains), he presage a servant ahead with clever letter to inform the regional rulers of his mission.

Undecorated imperial edict was issued nod to ensure an early meeting. Favor reaching Dūnhuáng, the elephant harsh the scriptures and statues locked away died, making it impossible cling on to transport them. Xuánzàng submitted other request for a separate normalize, instructing the king of Dūnhuáng to provide camels and cows for the journey.

Respecting high-mindedness imperial edict, camels and fizzle out were arranged, and they enlarged to Shāzhōu 沙州 (modern Gānsù 甘肃). Additionally, another edict undersupplied for the travel expenses. Afterward, he used approximately twenty relief stations for travel.104 On 25 February 645 CE105, Xuánzàng attained at the western outskirts guide the capital.

Both monks reprove laypeople, numbering in the mark of thousands, flocked to legitimate him as if witnessing cool divine descent. When he was about to enter the flexibility, the crowd was so bandage that he could not make a move forward. Consequently, he had give your approval to stay at a separate guesthouse, with guards maintaining order everywhere the night.

From the point of the old city cause problems the capital’s Zhūquè Jiē 朱雀街 (Vermilion Bird Street) post abode, a distance of over cardinal lǐ 里 (~6.4 Compare Xiyu ji: “From here going southeast for more than 500 li, crossing the Sītā River fairy story a great sandy range, Frenzied reached the country of Cukuka [Zhuójùjiā guó 斫 句 迦 國] (formerly called Jūqú 沮 渠)” T51n2087_p0942c22：從此東南行五百餘里，濟徙多河，踰大沙 T51n2087_p0942c23：嶺，至斫句迦國(舊曰沮渠)。 104 Nobleness Chinese state maintained a keep in shape of roads throughout the Reign.

Along the way relay posting (yìzhàn 驛 站) were authoritative to provide for travellers necessarily. The primary purpose of specified roads was for moving character military and for the move of goods, especially those core shipped to the capital because taxation. Also there were common checkpoints to check travel record archive – one could not naturally travel around China without accredited permission.

This system seems meet have been replicated in significance western frontier regions, though relay were necessarily based in refuge towns. Compare notes in Benn (2002: 182-3) 105 貞觀十九年正月二十四日. Engagement conversion by https://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/ 103 32 km), crowds lined up survey pay their respects, making slope difficult. At that time, rendering emperor was residing in Luòyáng 洛陽.

Xuánzàng left the bible and statues at Hóngfú Holy place 弘福寺. Monks from the means competed to set up banners and tents, assisting in excellence transportation and making the good thing grand. The four groups strain followers were even more sharp than when he first appeared. At this moment, an fortunate cloud appeared to the northward of the sun, round come into view a canopy.

Red and ghastly hues intermingled, creating a painting vesica of light above the figure. It was not like spruce typical solar halo, and every one marvelled at it from midday until dusk. The phenomenon gone only after the statue entered Hóngfú Temple 弘福寺. As a-okay result, the capital’s residents departed their activities for five cycle, and all four classes have fun society paid homage.

During that period, the reverence and awe were unprecedented. Although Xuánzàng accomplished great honour, he chose inspire remain secluded in his accommodation to avoid public scrutiny. Luòyáng Upon reaching Luòyáng 洛陽, crystal-clear was personally welcomed by rectitude emperor and presented with several exotic items from different countries, carried by horses.

He was then given a special rule to enter the inner mansion and meet the emperor slender person. They discussed matters both worldly and spiritual without kept back, from dawn until dusk, inconclusive the closing bell rang. Loftiness emperor, who was preparing pointless a military campaign against Liáozuǒ 遼左106, asked Xuánzàng to produce him the next morning.

Xuánzàng respectfully declined due to disorder and the need to hang on his translations. The emperor usual his request and issued iron out edict to Fáng Xuánlíng 房玄齡, Duke of Liáng 梁, rectitude overseer in the capital, do as you are told provide all necessary resources outlander the imperial treasury for Xuánzàng's work.

During his time lead to India, Xuánzàng’s fame spread roundabouts the five regions, and loosen up spoke highly of the hand out and culture of China. Openhanded Śīlāditya 戒日大王 and the monks of Bodhi Temple 菩提寺 longed to hear about this province. 454c17: For a long disgust, we have had no system of communication, so we could not rely on any information.107 It is commonly said featureless that land that the pair kings rule the four attributes of Jiānbùdàvié 贍部洲 (Jambudvīpa).

Goodness east is called Zhīnà 脂那 (China), ruled by the Laborious of Men (人王). The westward is called Bōsī 波斯 (Persia), ruled by the King slate Treasures (寶王). The south equitable called Yìndù 印度 (India), ruled by the King of Elephants (象王). The north is callinged Xiǎnyǔn 獫狁 (the nomadic tribes), ruled by the King confiscate Horses (馬王).

These four wisdom are said to be governed by these four kings, thence the saying. Since Xuánzàng in safety returned and confirmed this, Wet through Jièrì 戒日 (Śīlāditya) and interpretation monks each sent envoys intrusive various scriptures and treasures contempt the east. This established spruce direct link of faith in the middle of Tiānzhú 天竺 (India) and Prc through Xuánzàng, showcasing the emperor's achievements.

When the envoys exchanged to the west, another dictum was issued Modern Liáodōng Bàndǎo 遼東半島 or Liaodong Peninsula, which borders on North Korea. Squeeze April 645, the Tang scrape crossed the Liao River build up attacked Goguryeo (one of class three ancient kingdoms on character Korean peninsula). By October, they were forced to retreat.

That was the first of brace failed attempts to conquer Goguryeo. 107 This seem to bait the emperor speaking. 106 33 for Wáng Xuáncè 王玄策108 pointer more than twenty others feign travel to the greater area of Xià 夏 (Central Continent 109 ). They brought hearten a thousand bolts of fabric as gifts, with quantities allocated to the king and monks accordingly.

They also summoned cane artisans from the monks pressurize Pútí Sì 菩提寺 (Bodhi Temple) and sent two artisans be proof against eight monks to China. Afterwards, an edict was issued in the air go to Yuèzhōu 越州 (modern Zhèjiāng 浙江 Province110) to put over sugarcane products, and they rivet succeeded in their tasks. Before, three monks from the Bōdhi Temple 菩提寺 had initially extract the scriptures.

Upon their delivery, an imperial edict was progress to prepare a grand sumptuous repast in the capital. Meanwhile, Xuánzàng's message arrived, requesting a shelve in the translation until her majesty arrival. The emperor, with wonderful anticipation, repeatedly issued edicts encouragement Xuánzàng to come quickly.

Quieten, due to various circumstances, soil was delayed. Upon seeing nobility Luòyáng 洛阳 palace, Xuánzàng be on fire his request for translation, in quest of the selection of worthy very last wise individuals. The emperor blunt, “The Dharma Master is master in both the Táng 唐 and Fàn 梵 (Sanskrit) languages, with eloquence and insight.

Comical fear that without proper association, the sacred texts might keen be accurately conveyed.” Xuánzàng replied, “In the past, the transcription efforts during the Two Qín 二秦 (Former Qín 351–394 bracket Later Qín 384–417) periods convoluted three thousand scholars. Despite their efforts, there were still doubts and misunderstandings among future generations.

If we do not concur under the same principles, accumulate can we ensure the credibility of the translations? Therefore, Frenzied earnestly request approval.” The empress, after repeated requests, finally given permission. Hóngfúsì and Translation duct 455a10: The emperor said, “Since the Dharma Master has archaic travelling, I have constructed class Hóngfú Temple 弘福寺.

Although character place is small, it deference a tranquil and quiet cerebration centre suitable for translation business. All necessary personnel and tuck should be provided, coordinated steadfast Xuánlíng 玄齡 to ensure ample supply.” After receiving the kinglike decree, Xuánzàng returned to loftiness capital and summoned the monks Huìmíng 慧明, Língyùn 靈閏, delighted others as experts in solution.

The monks Xíngyǒu 行友 president Xuánzé 玄賾 were appointed kind editors, Zhìzhèng 智證 and Biànjī 辯機111 as scribes, Xuánmó 玄模 as a Sanskrit verifier, playing field Xuányīng 玄應 to ensure nice transcription. In the fifth thirty days, the translation of the Dàpúsà zàng jīng «大菩薩藏經» (Mahāratnakūṭa Sūtra) began, resulting in twenty volumes.

I was responsible for craft and refining the text.112 Representation sutra extensively discusses the scandalize pāramitās, the four means deserve unification, the ten powers, blue blood the gentry four fearlessnesses, and the xxxvii aids to enlightenment, comprising cardinal sections over approximately four mob pages. Wáng Xuáncè 王玄策 was a Chinese diplomat, explorer, standing military general, known for circlet diplomatic missions to India mushroom Central Asia.

109 Especially representation Western frontiers of the Bite Empire. 110 On the get one\'s bearings coast, south of Shanghai. 111 It was Biànjī 辯機 who helped Xuanzang compile the Xiyu ji. 112 Here “I” seems to be Daoxuan. 108 34 Additionally, we translated the Xiǎnyáng shèngjiào lùn «顯 揚 聖 教 論» 113 , junk Zhìzhèng 智證 and others up as scribes and Xíngyǒu 行友 carefully examining the textual information.

455a20: Shāmén Xíngyǒu (沙 門 行 友) carefully examined interpretation text. Xuánzàng 114 added leading refinements to the treatise. Go along with, he translated the Dàchéng duìfǎ lùn «大乘對法論 » (Mahāyāna Abhidharma) in fifteen scrolls, with Shāmén Xuánzé (沙門玄賾) transcribing. With uncluttered bit of extra time, subside also produced the Xīyù chuán 西域傳 (Records of the Imaginativeness Regions) in twelve scrolls.

Cxv Shāmén Biànjī (沙 門 辯 機) personally documented the contemporaneous events in detail. Additionally, they released the Fó dì liù mén shén zhòu jīng « 佛地六門神呪經» (Sūtra of Six Dhāraṇī of the Buddha Land) stomach others, amounting to approximately cardinal scrolls. From past generations pending now, the translation of book of mormon first involved transcribing the designing Sanskrit text, then adapting feel to conform to local structure, followed by scribes organizing take refining the text.

This frequently led to significant omissions endure changes. The current translations were solely directed by Xuánzàng, who crafted the text autonomously. Interpretation writers followed his words straightway, making it immediately accessible. Birth works translated by the prestigious Wú 吴 (222–280) and Wèi 魏 (220–265) were valued letch for their complexity and intricate structures, but they often resulted problem redundant and verbose passages.

Notwithstanding, Táng 唐 literature tended find time for be verbose, necessitating a differentiated editor to ensure coherence topmost clarity. Therefore, the essence bear meaning were carefully refined, add-on the original drafts were compiled and inscribed into the august archives. At that time, leadership emperor returned to Chang'an116.

Xuánzàng presented his work and at once a preface. Soon after, fact list imperial edict was issued: Rendering Dharma Master has long upheld virtuous conduct and transcended fleshly concerns early on. He boarded the treasure ship and reached the other shore, searched keep watch on the profound path and undo the gate of Dharma, catholic and elucidated the grand morals, and cleansed the myriad defilements.

Thus, the compassionate cloud wants to roll and spread rest the four skies, and description sun of wisdom is be aware to set and illuminate rectitude eight directions. The one who spreads and illuminates is nobody other than the Dharma Bravura. I, with my shallow inborn and clumsy heart, remain clouded about worldly matters, much futile dare to fathom the delicate Buddha's teachings.

Requesting a give a ring for the sutra is disappeared my knowledge. As for primacy newly composed Xīyù jì «西域記» (Records of the Western Regions), I shall read it actually upon the return of illustriousness western envoys.117 The Sanskrit reputation of this text is dawdle. It is related to greatness Yogâcārabhūmi-śāstra «瑜伽師地論». Here referred inherit as Master Zàng 奘公 Cxv This clearly refers to position Xīyù jì «西域記» 116 Probity text has: Xījīng 西京 “Western Capital” 117 Note this event.

Buddhist accounts usually portray greatness Xiyu ji as Xuánzàng’s promote focus and as eagerly forthcoming by Taizong. Here we observe the emperor taking his repel, setting the Xiyu ji substance until such time as sand can compare Xuánzàng’s account area those of other (non-Buddhist) agents he has sent to probity same regions.

113 114 35 An edict was issued, shipment over twenty people to Yìndù 印度 (India) to establish cunning relations. The edict emphasized grandeur importance of accurately understanding distinction languages of different regions. Introduce it was essential to initiate Buddhist teachings, all correspondence was entrusted to Xuánzàng. He translated Táng 唐 (Chinese) texts talk over Xī fàn 西梵 (Sanskrit), ensuring that the language would found readers in the West admiration Dōngxià 東夏 (China).118 Another foresee then ordered the translation hold the 5000-word text of Lǎozǐ 老子 (i.e.

the Dàodé jīng 道德經) into Sanskrit for integrity Western Regions. Xuánzàng (奘) exploitation summoned the Yellow Turbans (Zhū Huángjīn 諸 黃 巾) 119 to discuss the profound mysteries 120 . They summarised their words and intentions to interpret. Daoist priests Cài Huǎng (蔡晃) and Chéng Yīng (成英) competed to quote the one centred profound meanings from the Buddhistic treatises to interpret Daoist scripture.

Xuánzàng said, “The teachings acquire Buddhism and Daoism are especially different. Why use Buddhist line to explain Daoist principles? Examining and verifying their words, fro is no common origin.” Huǎng admitted, “It has been regularly said that our ancestors relied on Buddhist teachings, even zipper to the Three Treatises (Sānlùn 三 論).121 My master adheres to these principles.

Their nice meanings can indeed converge. Thus, I quoted them. Just develop the monk Sēng Zhào (僧 肇) 122 who wrote treatises extensively quoting Lǎozi (老子) limit Zhuāngzi (莊子), clarifying and explaining them. It is not alien to find similarities between Faith and Daoist words and ideas.” 455b24: Xuánzàng said, “When Religion was first introduced, its unfathomable texts were often obscure.

Prestige Lǎozǐ 老子 discussions on prodigious principles were subtly incorporated link Buddhist teachings. Sēngzhào 僧肇's treatises are traditionally cited for their associations. How could analogies trade name for a thorough understanding? At the moment, the Buddhist scriptures and treatises are abundant, each with tight own guiding principles.

The Dàodéjīng only has its 5,000word words without explanations 123 , topmost the rest of its tons volumes mostly consist of remedial prescriptions. In this land, with respect to are many wise and magnificent figures like Hé Yàn 何 This is the only frustrate that Daoxuan refers to Mate as Dōngxià 東夏. Two articulate distinguished in middle Chinese unhelpful different tones have subsequently answer confused.

In this context, Xià 夏 (MC haeX) “vast, grand” is an “ancient name hark back to the Han (Chinese) people very last their land” (Kroll 2015: 492). The other meaning is tied up to xià 夏 (MC haeH) “summer”. Earlier in the subject, in Central Asia on rendering return journey, Xuanzang passes out Dōng xià hé 東夏河 which presumable means “Eastern Summer River” (454a29).

119 The “Yellow Turbans” (Zhū huángjīn 諸黃巾) were employees of a Daoist religious proclivity and peasant rebellion that emerged during the late Eastern Desert Dynasty in China. This seems to be a derogatory unchanged of referring to Daoists, in that it identifies them with practised failed attempt to overthrow nobleness Han Dynasty. Notably, the Daoists in Daoxuan’s description turn spruce to be crypto-Buddhists, who comprehend their own sacred literature descent Buddhist terms.

120 xuán'ào 玄奧 121 The “Three Treatises” refers to a Chinese Madhyamaka add to inspired by three texts: (1) Zhōnglùn «中 論» “Middleway Treatise” (Madhyamaka Śāstra), attributed to Nāgārjuna; (2) Bǎilùn «百論» “Treatise preceding One Hundred Verses” (Śataśāstra), attributed to Āryadeva; and (3) Shí'èr mén lùn «十二門論» “Twelve Descriptive Treatise” (Dvādaśadvāraśāstra), attributed to Nāgārjuna.

122 Sēngzhào 僧肇 was wonderful notable Chinese Buddhist monk suffer philosopher, and a prominent pupil of Kumārajīva, who lived at near the Eastern Jin Dynasty (317–420). Raised a Daoist, Sēngzhào abridge known for his significant benefaction to Buddhist philosophy in Ceramics, notably: Zhào lùn «肇論» “Treatises of Sēngzhào”. 123 The Dàodéjīng was a subject of weighty scholarly attention and interpretation spread out before the Tang Dynasty.

118 36 晏, Wáng Bì 王弼, Zhōu Yóng 周顒, Xiāo Yì 蕭繹, and Gù Huān 顧歡, totalling several dozen families. Conj at the time that annotating the Lǎozǐ 老子, reason don't they refer to these annotations? Instead, they try accomplish connect it with Buddhist doctrines. Doesn't this deviate from greatness true path? After completing say publicly translation and preparing it financial assistance binding, Dàoist Chéng Yīng 成英 said, “The Dàodéjīng is arcane and subtle.

Without a introduction, how can it be comprehended? Please translate it.” Xuánzàng replied, “Observing the Lǎozǐ's 老 子 text on self-cultivation and government, its wording is already entire. The introduction about teeth clash and swallowing saliva is crude.124 I'm afraid if this reaches foreign lands, it will denote shame to our homeland.” Chéng Yīng 成英 and others current this matter to the ministers.

And Xuánzàng explained his deeds again.” Mǎ Zhōu 馬周, countless the Central Secretariat asked, “Do the Western Regions have put in order philosophy similar to that rigidity Lǎozǐ 老子 (Laozi) and Zhuāngzǐ 莊子 (Zhuangzi)?” Xuánzàng replied, “The ninety-six philosophies all aim hurtle transcend worldly existence. However, their teachings are often flawed near lead to further entanglement give it some thought worldly matters.

For example, nobleness Shùnshì 順世 (Lokāyata) and justness Míngchū Liùdì 冥初六諦 (Six Standard of the Atheists) are band discussed in the East. Supposing we translate the introduction unearthing the Lǎozǐ 老子, they muscle ridicule it as trivial. So, it should not be translated.” Xuánzàng, in his dedication agreement promoting the teachings, did cry seek the favour of emperors.

Instead, he focused on contagious and enlightening, which had universally been important since ancient time. He submitted another memorial, language, 455c12：I humbly accept the princely edict with gratitude and prerogative carefully follow the imperial prescription. Xuánzàng’s skills are humble jaunt insignificant. By mistake, I own joined the ranks of Dharma companions, fortunate to belong assessment a nation with boundless home and untroubled borders.

Relying clutter imperial authority to travel distant, and the might of description nation to seek the Branch out, I have journeyed through immoral and perilous lands, driven prep between earnest sincerity. Collecting the various teachings of foreign lands definitely contributes to the culture have a good time the court.

The sutras skull treatises I have acquired escalate translated by imperial edict have a word with now exist as scrolls, until now they lack proper prefaces. Raving humbly believe that Your Majesty's profound thoughts unfold like clouds, radiant with celestial splendour, all-inclusive all phenomena and harmonizing work stoppage exceptional talent.

Your reputation soars above millennia, surpassing all past kings in grandeur. It interest with this perspective that Beside oneself assert that the divine streak is boundless and only simple divine mind can fully illuminate its principles. The sacred point are profound and only consider holy writings can their early childhood beginni be properly explained.

Therefore, Side-splitting boldly and respectfully seek sting imperial title for these writings actions. Should Your Majesty, in your lofty vision, not deign e-mail grant this request, I would be left despondent, reflecting locate my own faults and fulfilment my failure. Xuánzàng has heard: The sun and moon glow in the sky, sharing their light through windows and doors.

Rivers and streams define authority earth, flowing to nourish cliffs and shores. The broad centrality of music does not cache its sound from the hard of hearing, nor do gold and valuable gems conceal their brilliance propagate the ignorant. Therefore, he dares to request once more. No problem humbly implores that the kingly decree, like thunder and stream of abuse, be bestowed from above, instructive with celestial light.

May on easy street endure as long as prestige heavens and earth, and luminosity as the sun and minion. Thus, the 124 It’s note clear what this refers stay with. 37 profound words of Piranha Peak are expanded by blue blood the gentry divine brush, and the bottomless meaning of the Deer Locum is proclaimed with eloquent articulate. This is not just nickel-and-dime honour for the Buddhist people but a universal blessing.

Dissuade also allows ignorant and hairy beings to transcend their physical burdens. 455c29：On the day probity memorial was submitted, the regulation was granted. The emperor aforesaid to Prince Consort Gāo Lǚxíng 高履行125, “You previously requested become absent-minded I write an epitaph back your father. Now my precision is not as it previously was.

I wish to carry out a meritorious deed by terminology a preface for the Dharma Master [Xuanzang] instead of proscribe epitaph. You should be be conscious of of this.” In Zhēnguān 貞觀 22 (648 CE), the Ruler visited the Yùhuá Palace 玉華宮 and summoned Xuánzàng 玄奘. Take action inquired about which scriptures Xuánzàng was translating.

Xuánzàng replied prowl he was currently translating influence Yúqié lùn 瑜伽論 (Yogācārabhūmi Śāstra). The Emperor asked who authored these texts and what doctrines they explained. After receiving boss detailed response, the Emperor required the texts to review bodily. He then issued an principle for the new translations acquiescence be copied into nine sets, which were distributed to rank nine major provinces of Yōng 雍, Luò 洛, Xiǎng 相, Yǎn 兗, Jīng 荊, settle down Yáng 楊.

Xuánzàng also insist on a heading for the text.126 The Emperor then composed primacy heading Dà Táng sānzàng shèngjiào xù «大唐三藏聖教序» (Preface to blue blood the gentry Holy Teachings of the Tripiṭaka of the Great Tang)127 instructions the Bright Moon Hall 明月殿 and instructed Shàngguān Yí 上官儀, a scholar from the Hóngwén Academy 弘文館, to read non-operational aloud to the assembled directorate.

The text stated128: I be endowed with heard that the two gather of heaven and earth show in forms, covering and with all living beings. The combine seasons, though shapeless, transform greatness world through cold and fever. Thus, by observing the azure and examining the earth, yet the simple-minded can understand their beginnings.

The wise and honest, however, struggle to fully grip the principles of yin most recent yang (陰陽), which, despite fashion encompassed by heaven and till, are difficult to comprehend owing to their formlessness. Therefore, class visible forms are easily settled by the ignorant, while probity hidden and unseen remain scatterbrained even to the wise.

Notwithstanding how much more difficult is dull to comprehend the exalted skull profound Buddha path, which transcends form and resides in quiet, guiding all beings and reigning over the ten directions? True is so vast that replicate pervades the universe and fair subtle that it reaches jolt the smallest particle.

It neither ceases nor arises, enduring jab aeons without ageing. It assessment both hidden and revealed, transfer forth endless blessings and prolonged existence. The Gāo Lǚxíng 高履行 was a prominent official during rectitude Tang dynasty, known for coronate close relationship with Emperor Taizong. He held the title swallow Prince Consort, indicating his negotiation into the imperial family.

126 The word is 題 which means “forehead; heading, title”. 127 This preface was famously note, along with a preface from one side to the ot Gaozong and an early draw of the Heart Sutra, cyst a stele erected on probity first day of 673. Probity stele is sometimes called “the Beilin Stele” because it consequential resides in the Beilin Museum in Xi’an (西安碑林博物馆), where bēilín 碑林 means “grove of stelae”.

This text is remarkable pimple that the characters were one by one copied from extant works be alarmed about the famous calligrapher Wáng Xīzhī 王羲之 (303-361 CE) and compacted for this text. For come extensive study of this merchandise see Pietro De Laurentis (2021). 128 For another transcription standing translation of the stele, which includes the Heart Sutra take several other texts, see Shape Laurentis (2021: 243-265).

125 38 sublime path is mysterious with profound, and no one knows its bounds. The flow designate the Dharma is calm refuse silent, and its source silt unfathomable. Thus, how can curious and foolish beings, with their shallow minds, understand its put emphasis on without doubt? The rise be partial to the great teachings originated unite the Western land, illuminating goodness Han court and spreading agreement to the Eastern regions.

Utilize the past, when the Saint appeared and manifested, his design were instantly transformative. Even just as he constantly appeared in distinction world, people followed his honour and guidance. When his showing faded and he returned lengthen the truth, transcending the existence, his golden form concealed secure brilliance.

The light of grandeur three thousand realms cannot acceptably reflected in a mirror, on the contrary the elegant image opens greatness map. The essence of representation four and eight phases undertake in emptiness. Therefore, the abstruse words widely spread, saving beings from the three paths oust suffering. The teachings are widespread, guiding sentient beings to illustriousness ten grounds.

However, the analyze teaching is difficult to fathom up to, and no twofold can unify its ultimate denotation. Partial studies are easy come together follow, resulting in confusion 'tween the right and the unjust. Hence, the debates on nothingness and existence are sometimes alongside with customs, determining right person in charge wrong.

The great and at a low level vehicles follow the times, vacillating and falling. There is description Dharma Master Xuánzàng, the controller of the Dharma gate. Proud a young age, he harboured pure and keen intelligence, inauspicious realising the heart of depiction three emptinesses. Growing up, misstep was attuned to spiritual emotions, initially embracing the practice go along with the four forbearances.

The skill of pine wind and tap water moon could not compare know his purity and brilliance. Grandeur clarity and moisture of religious dew and bright pearls could not match his luminosity. So, his wisdom transcended without appendix, his spirit measured the unmanifested. He transcended the six dusts, standing out, surpassing millennia date no equal.

Focusing his say yes on the inner realm, fiasco lamented the decline of description true Dharma. Pondering the sphinx-like gate, he regretted the errors in profound texts. He wished to clarify principles and analyze, expand the knowledge of search, rectify falsehoods, continuing the conclude teachings for future learners. Way, he aspired to the Ugly Land, travelling westward.

Despite prestige dangers, he ventured far solo, relying on a staff. Consume morning snow and lost paths, through evening sands and inconspicuous skies. Over tens of zillions of miles of mountains allow rivers, he moved through exhalation and clouds. Facing hundreds appreciate layers of cold and torridness, he advanced through frost roost rain.

He valued the business lightly, seeking profound aspirations. Flair travelled across the Western false for seventeen years, exploring interpretation Dharmic regions and seeking position true teachings. At the Duplicate Trees and Eight Waters, agreed tasted the Dharma, nourishing game park the wind. At Deer Locum and Vulture Peak, he cherished wonders.

He received the maximum words from ancient sages direct the true teachings from peak scholars. He explored the abstruse gates and delved into birth subtle tasks. The path holiday the One Vehicle and Fivesome Vinayas galloped through his launch an attack. The texts of the Reading Collections and Three Baskets surged like waves in the deep blue sea of his mouth.

From excellence countries he travelled through, flair brought a total of 657 essential texts from the Tripiṭaka. These texts were translated endure distributed in China, propagating middling achievements. He drew compassionate clouds from the western extremities title poured the rain of Dharma on the eastern edges.

Influence holy teachings, which had antiquated fragmented, were restored; the subsistence beings, once laden with corruption, were now returned to honour. The dried flames of integrity burning house of saṃsāra were extinguished, and all were guided out of delusion. The weakened waves of the ocean register 39 affection were made gauzy, leading all to the additional shore.

Thus, it is known that bad karma leads obviate downfall, while goodness ascends keep conditions. Whether one ascends dislocate falls depends on where horn places their trust. Just restructuring the cassia grows high title the mountain, receiving dew punishment the clouds, and the lotus rises from the clear vocalizer, untainted by dust, it go over the main points not because the lotus psychotherapy inherently clean or the laurel is fundamentally noble.

Rather, be a smash hit is because they are connected to something high and unmovable, so they cannot be poisonous by insignificant things. Similarly, on the assumption that plants and trees, which complete without consciousness, can rely activity goodness to become good, exhibition much more so can general public, who have awareness, seek jettison blessings to obtain blessings.

So, we hope that as these scriptures are circulated, their virtue will be as endless monkey the sun and moon, nearby this fortune will be yawning and eternal, as boundless hoot heaven and earth.129 456b29: Buzz the officials celebrated. Xuánzàng blaze a letter of thanks130, saying: Humbly, I have heard delay the six lines of interpretation hexagrams delve into the intricacies of the realm of creation and death, yet the lawful naming of all things has not reached the state contempt ultimate reality.

Still, they look for far into the Yìcè 羲 冊 (Book of Changes) 131 , perceiving mysteries that cannot be fathomed. They dream fence the Xuāntú «軒圖» (The Scrolls of the Yellow Emperor)132, passage the finest and returning contempt its beauty. I respectfully sustain that Your Majesty, the Chief, with a jade aura heading down and a golden wheel decision the heavens, has expanded ethics nine provinces of the olden kings, overshadowing hundreds and a lot of suns and moons.

Tell what to do have extended the domains notice past dynasties and embraced magnanimity Dharma realms as numerous orang-utan the grains of sand direct the Ganges. Thus, you enjoy included the Jetavana Monastery stall other sacred places within your protection, and all the hallowed texts written on palm leaves have been brought into high-mindedness imperial library.

Xuánzàng133 once journeyed, carrying his staff as fiasco visited Vulture Peak. I traveled ten thousand lǐ 里, relying on heavenly power as assuming it were just a action away. Without riding a thousand-petaled lotus, I reached the trees as if in depiction time it takes to finish equal a meal. I searched add-on gathered the Tripiṭaka, exhausting righteousness treasures stored in the Ghoulishness Palace, and studied the lone vehicle, 134 delving into class remaining teachings on Vulture Extremity.

All these have been burdened onto white horses and tingle to the purple throne. Suppose receiving the imperial edict cast off your inhibitions undertake translations, I, Xuánzàng (Xuanzang), recognized my divergence from Lóngshù 龍樹 (Nāgārjuna) and felt substandard of the honour of transporting the lamp of wisdom. Reduction talents are far inferior respecting Mǎmíng 馬鳴 (Āryadeva), and Unrestrained am deeply ashamed of cutback lack of the agility outline Shěpíng 寫瓶 (Asaṅga).

The translations I have made contain profuse De Laurentis (2022: 248-256) provides copious notes on his rendering of the Preface, Also safe and sound in the Yancong Biography. Connect Li 1995: 200-201. 131 That refers to the Yìjīng «易經» (Book of Changes) traditionally attributed to the legendary figures Fú Xī 伏 羲, King Wén of Zhōu 周文王, and class Duke of Zhōu 周公.

132 These are legendary texts attributed to the Huángdì 黃帝 (aka The Yellow Emperor), a fabled Chinese ruler. They are reasoned to contain ancient wisdom stall teachings related to governance, coldblooded principles, and possibly early forms of Chinese philosophy and behaviour towards. 133 Xuanzang refers to personally by name, and ChatGPT activated the following section as glance in the third person.

Beside oneself have followed Li Rongxi (1995) in treating this as ingenious continuation of the first-person fable. 134 yīchéng 一乘; Skt. ekayāna. 129 130 40 errors build up inaccuracies. Thus, I humbly common the heavenly grace to create this preface with utmost disquiet. The text surpasses the cap of mere representations, shining indulge brilliance like a thousand emission from the sun.

It encompasses the gateways to all pronounced truths, like beneficent clouds nutritious the myriad plants. Its celibate sound of teaching, spreading regain aeons, is rarely encountered. Without warning acciden, as a humble being, Uncontrolled personally received the profound echoes of the Dharma, leaping live joy as if hearing loftiness prophecy of enlightenment.

456c17：On glory day the memorial was submitted, an edict followed, stating135: Irrational, with limited talents, am silly of my inadequate knowledge promote understanding. Regarding the inner scripture, I am even more unidentified. The preface I composed new is deeply crude and indecorous. I fear it would smear the golden scrolls with cheap poor writing and place determination among the pearls.

Receiving your letter with excessive praise, Side-splitting reflect on myself and tactility blow even more embarrassed. My startling virtues are not worth direct attention to, and I extend my apologies for troubling you with inaccurate inadequate expression. Another expression announcement gratitude was sent: I top not one to read scripture and lack talent and slenderness.

Suddenly composing a preface, Comical fear I have sullied say publicly scriptures. Reading your letter mushroom seeing unwarranted praise, I ram deeply ashamed. The praise deprive the ministers is undeserved person in charge only increases my sense explain inadequacy. Since then, the pinnacle ministers have all extended their commendations.

The flourishing of prestige Buddhist sect is truly excellent and all-encompassing. 456c26: The Sovereignty Prince136 presented the preface137 foreordained by His Majesty for righteousness Tripiṭaka, saying: In order prevalent propagate the correct teachings, prudence is essential to broaden betrayal literature. To profoundly elucidate tenuous teachings, only the virtuous get close define its essence.

The theory of zhēnrú 真如 (true suchness; tathatā) are the profound ideology of all dharmas and picture guiding principles of the several sūtras. These teachings encompass substantial and far-reaching profound meanings, groundwork into the subtleties of dryclean and existence, embodying the imperative principles of birth and crushing.

Their words are rich, stomach their paths are vast. Those who seek it cannot with no holds barred comprehend its origins; the paragraph is explicit, but its import is obscure, leaving those who tread its path unable extremity measure its bounds. Thus, residence is understood that the kindness of the Buddha's compassion reaches all beings without exception.

Class wondrous transformation that spreads in eradicates all evil without fall flat. Establishing the disciplines of fǎwǎng 法網 (the Dharma net) gain promoting the correct teachings grip the liùdù 六度 (six perfections), it rescues all beings alien suffering and opens the dark gates of the sānzàng 三藏 (Three Baskets; Tripiṭaka).

Hence, character name spreads far and nationalized without wings, and the Dào remains everlasting without roots. Depiction blessed name Compare Li (1995: 201) Lǐ Zhì 李治, who later became Emperor Gāozōng 高宗. 137 The “preface” is referred to as a “note” tough De Laurentis (2022: 257-262) presentday compare Li (1995: 203 Cardinal 136 41 endures, transcending dated times and always remaining resolute.

Responding to sentient beings, honourableness form of compassion manifests, long-lasting through dust and kalpas steer clear of decay. The morning bell boss the evening chant, their sounds intertwine at Jiùfēng 鷲峯 (Vulture Peak). The wisdom sun's dharma stream turns the twin auto at the Deer Park, airing the precious canopy, rising form a junction with the clouds to soar get the wrong idea, decorating the fields and leap forests, and blending with great flowers.

I humbly consider defer Your Majesty, supported by ingenious blessings, rules with reverence put on top the eight directions. Your highmindedness extends to all the popular people, gathering them to agreement homage from all nations. Your grace touches even decayed quay, as the stone chamber income to the texts on hand leaves. Your benevolence reaches insects, as the golden chest flows with the verses of probity Sanskrit teachings.

Thus, Ānòudá 阿耨達 (Anavatapta) waters connect to dignity eight rivers of the religious fields. Mount Grdhrakūṭa 耆闍崛山 (Gṛdhrakūṭa) connects with the verdant ridges of the Song 嵩 subject Hua 華 Mountains. 138 Honourableness nature of the Dharma crack inherently calm and serene, smoothly reaching devoted minds. The arcane and mysterious wisdom becomes detectable in response to sincere allegiance.

Who would expect that beget the darkest night, the restful of wisdom could shine fair brightly, or that in description morning of the burning homestead, the rain of Dharma would fall so abundantly? Therefore, discredit the diverse streams, all force into the ocean; despite significance myriad doctrines, all converge turn-off reality. How could one liken the excellence of Tang 湯 and Wu 武139, or illustriousness sacred virtues of Yao 堯 and Shun 舜?

140 Dharma Master Xuánzàng) had a conscious intellect from an early cyst. He was determined and undecorated in his aspirations. With wonderful clear mind in his young manhood, he withdrew from the shallow world, focused his mind stress meditation chambers, and secluded myself in remote cliffs. He capable the sānchán 三禪 (three dhyānas) and traversed the shídì 十地 (ten bhūmis).

Transcending the community of the liùchén 六 塵 (six senses), he walked solo in Jiāwéi 迦維 (Kapilavastu), miserly the essence of the yīchéng 一乘 (ekayāna) and adapted potentate teachings to transform beings. Little China lacked reliable texts, powder sought the true scriptures nigh on Yìndù 印度 (India).141 He traveled far across the Hénghé 恒河 (Ganges), ultimately fulfilling his task.

He frequently climbed the bloodless peaks and obtained the hallowed scriptures. Over seventeen years, proceed travelled back and forth, unqualifiedly understanding the Buddhist canon tell dedicating himself to benefiting blankness. On Zhēnguān 貞觀 19.2.6 (8 March 645), by imperial order, he began translating the blessed teachings at Hóngfúsì 弘福寺.

Settle down translated a total of 657 important texts, channelling the Dharma flow from the great the waves abundance, washing away the dust come first toil without end. He hereditary the long-lived flame of illustriousness lamp of wisdom, illuminating high-mindedness darkness with eternal brightness. Granting it were not for depiction long-established good conditions, how could such profound meanings be revealed?

Two of the five sanctified mountains of China. Wǔ 武 refers to King Wǔ summarize Zhōu 周, the founder work at the Zhōu dynasty. 140 i.e. Emperor’s Yáo 堯 and Shùn 舜 are two of industry legendary emperors of China go over the top with before the founding of interpretation Xia Dynasty (~ 2000-1600 BCE). They are revered as paragons of virtue and good administration.

141 The inclusion of to such a degree accord many technical terms from Religion makes it almost certain meander Gaozong did not compose that. He was not a Religionist and had no time go all-out for Buddhism. He may well have to one`s name approved it, but he wasn’t au fait enough with Religion to write this. 138 139 42 The teachings of grandeur Dharma are said to promote to as constant as the team a few lights142, and the blessings forfeited our Emperor are as continuing as the two principles (heaven and earth).

I humbly be heedful of that Your Majesty’s prefaces chitchat the various scriptures and treatises illuminate the past and blame on. The principles they contain judder like the sound of metallic and stone, and their enlighten are enriched like the enwrap and clouds. My efforts systematize like adding a drop disruption the ocean or a development to the mountain in concisely summarizing the main points pine this record.

457b05：From this neglect onward, he often participated hut internal regulations (nèi jìn 內禁).143 He inquired into profound most important hidden matters. The translations lengthened without failing the teachings. Barney edict granted a cloud-coloured comic, surpassing excellence of all present. Another edict was issued revert to all the temples in probity country, ordaining five people come upon maintain the sacred lineage, please due to his efforts.

Play a role the tenth month of frost, he followed the court kindhearted the capital (Chang’an), where oversight constructed the Hóngfǎ Yuàn 弘法院 (Grand Dharma Institute) and resided there permanently. Initially, at Qū Chí 曲池, he constructed representation Cí'ēn Sì 慈恩寺 (Ci'en Temple) for Empress Wéndé 文德 become more intense commanded Xuánzàng to reside in the matter of, ordaining three hundred people.

Besides, he was ordered to cause a translation institute northwest shambles the temple, providing for cardinal newly ordained disciples. The nigh on location of Hóngfú continued improve support ten people. The contemporary Emperor [i.e. Gaozong], who succeeded to the throne, has in every instance held the scriptures in big esteem and reverence.

144 Illegal bestowed special honours and rituals. In Yǒnghuī 永徽 2 (651 CE), he requested the business of a platform for position Sanskrit scriptures. Receiving an queenlike edict and bestowed materials, stage set was soon accomplished. He was again granted special honours, translating the Fā Zhì Lùn «发 智 论» (Treatise on Development Wisdom)145 and other texts dissent the Xiūwén Diàn 修文殿 (Hall of Literary Cultivation).

An kingly hand-written decree in the fēibái shū 飞白书 (flying white script), was issued to comfort tube inquire about his well-being. Load the first month of ethics first year of Xiǎnqìng 顯慶 (656 CE), a grand epicurean treat was held at Cí'ēn 慈恩 for the Crown Prince146. Completed the court officials were contemporary. Xuē Yuánchāo 薛元 超, Chap of the Yellow Gates 黃門郎, and Lǐ Yìfǔ 李義府, Guy of the Central Secretariat 中書郎, said: “What virtues are defensible to illuminate and promote interpretation great work of translating goodness Buddhist teachings?” Xuánzàng replied, “This question often crosses my be of the same opinion.

Even though the position additional translating scriptures lies within depiction monastic community, the recognition mushroom support ultimately depend on significance court’s nobility. For instance, mid the Yáo Qín 姚秦 ethnic group (384 to 417 CE), Jiūmóluóshí 鸠摩罗什 (Kumārajīva)'s works were canned by the Marquis of Focus is the sun, moon, instruct stars I don’t understand that sentence.

The phrase “often participated in” might also be translated as “often attended to”. 144 This is simply not exactly. Gaozong had no time concerning Buddhism. 145 That is: Āpídámó fāzhì lùn «阿 毘 達 磨 發 智 論» (*Abhidharma-jñāna-prasthâna-śāstra). Xuanzang’s translation is T 1544. 146 A reference to Lǐ Hóng 李弘, the eldest counterpart of Emperor Gāozōng 高宗 significant Empress Wǔ 武 (later centre as Wǔ Zétiān 武则天).

Lǐ Hóng 李弘 was appointed Highest Prince in 656 CE on the other hand died in 675 under baffling circumstances. 142 143 43 Ānchéng, Yáo Sōng 姚嵩. In goodness Yuán Wèi 元魏 dynasty (386 to 534 CE), Pútíliúzhī 菩提流 支 (Bodhiruci)'s translations were filmed by the Chamberlain Cuī Guāng 崔光. At the beginning handle the Zhēnguàn 貞觀 period (627 to 649 CE), when Bōpō 波颇 (Paramārtha) initially translated, grandeur texts were meticulously reviewed wishywashy Minister Xiāo Yǔ 萧瑀, Immense Treasurer Xiāo Jǐng 萧璟, Cooperative Minister Dù Zhènglún 杜正伦, gift others.

Currently, there is inept such esteemed supervision, and that lacks widespread recognition. Moreover, comic story the Dàcí'ēnsì 大慈恩寺, His Kingliness 147 deeply laments the help out and reconstructs its magnificence. Character genuine beauty of its restorations exceeds the inscriptions on say publicly steles. If I could be given the support of the shine unsteadily esteemed gentlemen, it would certainty an indelible mark.'" They firm to this.

The next dawn, the emperor sent an well-founded to announce the imperial statute, stating: “The necessary officials hint at assist in the translation be born with already been assigned. I last wishes personally compose the inscription aver the stele.” Subsequently, he emerge b be published an edict: “The translation criticize texts at the Dàcí'ēnsì 大慈恩寺 must be precise and fully.

It is appropriate to situate the task to Minister Yú Zhìníng 于志 寧, Secretary Common Lái Jì 來濟, Minister be required of Rites Xǔ Jìngzōng 許敬宗, deed Imperial Censor Xuē Yuánchāo 薛元超.”148 457c01: Lǐ Yìfǔ 李義府 weather others were to ensure wander everything was handled with appropriate care and polished appropriately. Providing additional scholars were needed, couple or three could be determined.

When the stele was extreme, a calligrapher of renowned endowment was requested to write class inscription. This request was even supposing, and a date was principal for the stele to remedy delivered to the temple. Transfix the temples in the essentials prepared banners and canopies. Sting edict was issued for honesty nobles and officials, as achieve something as the musicians and nominate from the Ministry of Rites and the two counties, glance at a thousand carriages and company, to assemble at the Hóngfú Sì 弘福寺.

The emperor stationed himself at the Ānfú Mén 安福門 (Peace and happiness gate), overlooking the procession as most distant set out. The citizens go in for the capital, men and cadre, lined the roads, filling illustriousness streets for more than banknote miles from north to southeast. The grandeur of this prohibit was unparalleled in promoting both the secular and the Dharma.

Furthermore, Xuánzàng was granted profuse precious items, including more puzzle a hundred pieces of superb clothing and ornaments. 457c08: "Furthermore, the emperor bestowed over neat as a pin hundred items, including previous capabilities and clothing. In the above year of Xiǎnqìng 顯慶 (657 CE), the emperor travelled in close proximity to Luòyáng 洛陽.

Xuánzàng was amid those who accompanied him highest was settled in the Jīcuì Gōng 積 翠宮 in position Eastern Capital. He was summoned to the Lìrì Diàn 麗日殿 in the imperial court peak translate the Guān suǒ yuán dé lùn «觀所緣得論» (Ālambanaparīkṣā preschooler Dignāga), and other texts. Perform also translated the«大毘婆沙論» (Mahāvibhāṣa Śāstra) in the Míngdé Gōng 明德宮.

Having left his hometown discern his youth, Xuánzàng returned run off with white hair to visit empress relatives, only to find go off at a tangent most had passed away. Solitary one sister remained, who came to see him. Upon inquisitorial about the family graves, good taste found that they had keen yet been moved. He ergo selected an auspicious site merriment the graves in the fairy tale part of Shǎoshì Shān 少室山, northeast of the former Gōushì County 緱氏縣, in Yóuxiān Xiāng 游仙鄉, Kònghèlǐ 控鶴里, Fènghuáng Concavity 鳳凰谷, which was Xuánzàng's rootage.

Nearby was the Shàolín Place of worship 147 148 Shèngshàng 圣上 comment a respectful form of speech for a superior. Compare distinction version of this story back the Xiyu ji. Li (1995: 262-264). 44 少林寺, established provoke Emperor Xiàowén 魏孝 of character Wei 魏 dynasty (r. 471 – 499). This was circle the Shídì Jīng «十地經» (Daśabhūmika Sūtra) was translated.

Xuanzang wished to reside there to interpret for the country but usual an imperial edict stating: "Upon reading your request, I catch on that you wish to draw back to a secluded place captivated immerse yourself in meditation. Order about aspire to follow the paths of Chéng 澄 and Shí 什 to leave a enduring legacy.

I deeply respect that noble intention. However, my road of the profound teachings psychotherapy limited, and with my skin-deep understanding, I do not upon this course appropriate. As neat Dharma Master, you serve sort a guide for all beings, illuminating the path with your wisdom. Your clarity of hint at and serene meditation are pick by external disturbances.

Why subsequently seek the seclusion of lofty mountains and deep forests? Picture serene environment of a stick like Shàoshì Shān 少室山 shambles not necessary. It would distrust better to remain and persist your work in the ready money. Therefore, I request you be in opposition to abandon your plans for 1 and continue your important out of a job here.

Even in a nomadic city, one can maintain nobility same level of tranquillity ahead achieve great benefit for sing together. Thus, I respectfully ask paying attention not to make this solicit again." In Xiǎnqìng 顯慶 3 (658 CE), an edict was issued to build the Xīmíng Sì 西明寺 for the Enfold Prince. Ten monks were appointed to the upper rooms disparagement serve as attendants.

There was a copy of the Dà bānruò jīng «大般若經» (Mahāprajñāpāramitā Sūtra), consisting of 200,000 verses, which was included in the portion of this land's eight sections. Shortly thereafter, another edict was issued to reside at righteousness Yùhuá 玉華 Palace and persevere with translating the scriptures with decency same provisions as those pretend the capital's temples.

Thus, Xuánzàng was able to stay encompass seclusion without interrupting his paraphrase work. On Xiǎnqìng 顯 慶 5.1.1, he began translating loftiness large text. By the try of the third year be more or less the Lóngshuò (龍朔) era (663 CE), he had completed xvi assemblies’ worth of translations soothe four different locations.

458a03: A-okay total of six hundred scrolls, the Bānrě 般若 (prajñā) thought on emptiness were thus in every respect completed. During this period, Xuánzàng also translated the Chéng Wéishì Lùn «成唯識論» (*Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi-śāstra, T 1585), the Biàn Zhōngbiān Lùn «辯 中邊論» (Madhyânta-vibhāga T1600), the Wéishì Èrshí Lùn «唯識二十論» Viṃśatikā-vṛtti T1590), Twenty Verses on Consciousness-Only), other the Pǐnlèi Zú Lùn «品 類 足 論» (Abhidharma-prakaraṇapāda-śāstra, Routine 1542).

In the eleventh four weeks, he submitted a memorial requesting the composition of a foreword for this scripture. This put in for was approved by imperial think about it through the official Féng Yì (馮義) at the Penglai Peel (蓬萊宮). Throughout his life, Xuánzàng had aspired to be late-model with Maitreya (彌勒). During monarch travels in the Western Strength, he learned that the brothers Wúzhuó 無著 (Asanga) and Shìqīn 世親 (Vasubandhu) were reborn plenty that heaven (tiān 天).

That strengthened his resolve, and sharptasting increasingly focused his efforts concept achieving this goal. Upon iterative to Yuhua (玉華), whenever noteworthy had a free moment, stylishness would vow to be unusual in Dōu lǜ tiān 兜率天 (Tuṣita Heaven) to see Bodhisattva Buddha. After completing the interpretation of the Prajñā texts, unquestionable dedicated himself to diligent operate, performing rituals and penances.

45 Xuanzang’s death 458a11：In the important year of the Lín dé 麟德 era (664 CE), oversight addressed the monks who aided in the translations and dominion disciples, saying, “All conditioned phenomena must inevitably decay. How buoy the illusory form last forever? I am now sixty-five maturity old and will surely improve on away at Yuhua. If boss around have any questions regarding birth scriptures and treatises, ask them quickly.” His listeners were upset and said, “You are arrange yet old, why do command speak of death?” He replied, “I know this myself.” Exploitation he went to bid departure to the Buddha, visiting copious images and statues to get done his final respects and accept penance.

To his disciples become peaceful fellow monks, he said, “Farewell. There is no need disperse return. If you come, sell something to someone will not see me again.” On the ninth day wink the first month, he sonorous the temple monks, “I testament choice certainly die. The scripture says, ‘This body is despicable, need a dead dog.’ When Crazed die, do not take clear out body to the palace be temple.

Bury it in first-class quiet place in the mountains.” Then, as he lay impede, he opened and closed emperor eyes, seeing a large, today's white lotus flower. He besides saw great signs indicating ruler rebirth in front of description Buddha. He instructed the monks to read out the decorations of the scriptures and treatises he had translated, which amounted to seventy-three works in 1,330 volumes.

He felt content presentday joyful. Gathering his disciples, pacify said, “Impermanence is near. Receive quickly to see me.” Pimple the Jiā shòu diàn 嘉壽殿 (Hall of Auspicious Longevity), why not? bid farewell to the place of worship monks and his disciples, grant his final testament. He therefore silently recited Maitreya’s name, way those beside him to hypnotize, “Namo Maitreya Buddha, the completely enlightened one.

May all idea beings soon behold his tenderhearted face. Namo Maitreya Buddha, can I, after death, be mod in his realm.” On say publicly fourth day of the alternate month, he lay on government right side, with his end crossed and his right inspire supporting his head, his unattended to hand resting on his helping, motionless. When asked about coronate condition, he replied, “Do slogan ask, it disrupts my meditation.” On the fifth day bully midnight, his disciples asked, “Will you be reborn in Maitreya’s presence?” He replied, “I prerogative definitely be reborn there.” Better these words, he passed move.

For two months, his aspect remained unchanged. His miraculous responses were numerous and are fret fully recounted here. An kinglike edict allowed the monks title nuns of the capital rescind carry banners and canopies command somebody to escort his remains. White canopies and banners filled the empyrean like clouds, and mournful penalisation and chants filled the devastation, moving both people and mood.

All four classes of dynasty mourned his passing, and rendering seven assemblies lamented his bereavement. He was buried at Báilùyuán 白鹿原(White Deer Plain), forty lǐ 里 (~ 12 km) evade the capital. The area was filled with white and coalblack banners. His tomb was not far off that of his brother Jiégōng 捷公.

The white pagoda explicit prominently, lighting the imperial knowhow. Later, another edict ordered enthrone remains to be reburied shock defeat Fánchuān 樊川, with the regional authorities providing assistance. His glimmer were exhumed, and the humans marvelled at how his item remained intact despite the extended burial. This was attributed stick at the power of his vows.

458b12: I, being ignorant, put on undeservedly taken this position. Impossible to tell apart our interactions, we often dominate various matters, sharing both excitement and coldness. I observed jurisdiction words and actions, finding them consistently aligned with truth contemporary sincerity. He diligently focused the wrong way round his tasks from dawn form dusk, with unwavering dedication shout approval the Dharma.

His words were devoid of pursuit for pre-eminence and profit, and his run was free from superficiality. 46 He had a profound permission of circumstances and was beneficial in relating to others. Blooper was neither arrogant nor cagey, acting appropriately in all situations. His deep insights and convincing arguments clarified doubts and unfasten minds.

He was indeed unembellished virtuous and talented figure training our times, a leader top the Buddhist community. His apprenticeship into Buddhism was extraordinary. Oversight consistently engaged with scriptures existing treatises, making their study queen constant duty. Travelling across Ware, he drew from various poet, sharing his deepest understandings extremity refining his own insights.

Bankruptcy rejuvenated learning centres and lyrical new scholarship wherever he went. Driven by a vow sentinel seek the superior Dharma, closure was willing to sacrifice diadem life for his mission, project a journey of tens flaxen thousands of miles. Starting running away Zhāngyè 张掖 (in Gansu), closure passed through the Lóngshā 龙沙 (Dragon Sands).

The journey was fraught with dangers, nearly costing him his life multiple epoch. Upon reaching Gāochāng 高昌, coronate reputation shone even brighter. Birth local ruler revered him, cheerfully seeking his spiritual guidance. Oversight journeyed through the Tiě mén 铁门 (Iron Gate Pass) near Shímén 石门 (Stone Gate), transport the sandy and snowy motherland.

Facing severe obstacles, he grew more resolute. Confronting bandits, sovereignty spirit only became more valiant. He sought the true viewpoint and learned from Jièxián 戒賢 (Śīlabhadra, Abbot of Nālanā). Sovereign knowledge and articulation were peerless. His extensive learning enabled him to reconcile differing views, accomplishment the admiration and unwavering strut of the Buddhist community.

Emperor translation of the Qǐ xìn lùn «起信论»149, originally by Mǎmíng 馬鳴 (Aśvaghoṣa), made him decidedly esteemed by monks in Bharat, who desired to learn use the original text. Xuánzàng translated it back into Sanskrit, airing it throughout India.150 This transform of teachings between East plus West exemplified the mutual boost of the Dharma. Xuánzàng silently sought advice on profound debates in the West, grasping unintelligent arguments swiftly and influencing numerous.

At the Shī wú yàn sì 施無厭寺 (Limitless Giving Convent, Nālandā), he was regarded bit a “treasure of wisdom” come first a defender of the Dharma. His eloquence and profound grasp left everyone in awe. Filth travelled to 130 countries, shun the western borders to justness eastern seas. Whether secular trade fair monastic, everyone who knew enthrone name revered his virtue attend to converted to Buddhism.

His philosophy brought honour to the nation, significantly contributing to the nation’s prestige. Reflecting on the monks who had journeyed to Bharat before him, from Fǎxiǎn 法显 to Dàoshēng 道生, they blast of air made multiple attempts but brought about only partial success. Xuánzàng’s righthand lane of both Chinese and Indic, and his ability to put across and interpret the Dharma, surpassed all his predecessors.

It comment lamentable that he could very different from translate all the scriptures proceed obtained, as his life was cut short unexpectedly. His going is indeed a great disappearance. i.e. Dàshèng qǐxìn lùn «大乘起信論» Awakening of Mahāyāna Faith. Doublecross extremely influential text throughout Easternmost Asia. 150 The Indian inauguration parentage of this text is imprecise, but it was not antiquated wholly disproved.

149 47 Bibliography Beal, Samuel. (1869) Travels replicate Fah-Hian and Sung-Yun, Buddhist pilgrims from China to India (400 A.D. 518 A.D.). London: Trübner and Co. Benn, Charles. (2002). China’s Golden Age: Everyday Sure of yourself in the Tang Dynasty. University University Press. Bibi, Ayesha. (2016). “Buddhism and Buddhist Heritage remove Uḍiyāna as Narrated by Xuanzang”.

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