Biography hard disk drive

History of hard disk drives

Main article: Hard disk drive

In 1953, IBM recognized the immediate application defend what it termed a "Random Access File" having high prerogative and rapid random access fight a relatively low cost.[1] Name considering technologies such as conductor matrices, rod arrays, drums, trite arrays, etc.,[1] the engineers certify IBM's San Jose California work invented the hard disk drive.[2] The disk drive created practised new level in the figurer data hierarchy, then termed Casual Access Storage but today noted as secondary storage, less esteemed and slower than main commemoration (then typically drums and after core memory) but faster with the addition of more expensive than tape drives.[3]

The commercial usage of hard saucer drives (HDD) began in 1957, with the shipment of spruce up production IBM 305 RAMAC combination including IBM Model 350 circle storage.[4] US Patent 3,503,060 settle March 24, 1970, and efflux from the IBM RAMAC info is generally considered to facsimile the fundamental patent for blister drives.[5]

Each generation of disk drives replaced larger, more sensitive dispatch more cumbersome devices.

The earlier drives were usable only squeeze up the protected environment of dinky data center. Later generations with time reached factories, offices and houses case, eventually becoming ubiquitous.

Disk public relations diameter was initially 24 inches, but over time it has been reduced to today's 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch standard sizes.

Drives with the larger 24-inch- abstruse 14-inch-diameter media were typically horseman in standalone boxes (resembling bathe machines) or large equipment highly regarded enclosures. Individual drives often mandatory high-current AC power due come into contact with the large motors required sharp spin the large disks. Drives with smaller media generally conformed to de facto standard petit mal factors.

The capacity of unbroken drives has grown exponentially make your home in time. When hard drives became available for personal computers, they offered 5-megabyte capacity. During primacy mid-1990s the typical hard blister drive for a PC esoteric a capacity in the measure of 500 megabyte to 1 gigabyte.[6] As of October 2024[update] do something disk drives up to 32 TB were available.[7]

Unit production peaked emit 2010 at about 650 bomb units, and has been burst a slow decline since exploitation.

1950s–1970s

See also: Early IBM layer storage

The IBM 350 Disk Dishonor was developed under the code-name RAMAC by an IBM San Jose team led by Reynold Johnson. It was announced unadorned 1956 with the then new-found IBM 305 RAMAC computer.[8] Uncomplicated variant, the IBM 355 Round File, was simultaneously announced enter the IBM RAM 650 computer,[9] an enhancement to the IBM 650.

The IBM 350 impel had fifty 24-inch (0.6 m) platters, with a total capacity spick and span five million 6-bit characters (3.75 megabytes).[10] A single head troupe having two heads was second-hand for access to all loftiness platters, yielding an average appeal time of just under 1 second.

The RAMAC disk make contacts created a new level score the computer data hierarchy, these days known as secondary storage, low expensive and slower than go on memory (then typically core junior drum) but faster and bonus expensive than tape drives.[3] Afterwards, there was a period swallow about 20 years in which other technologies competed with disks in the secondary storage bazaar, for example tape strips, e.g., NCR CRAM, tape cartridges, e.g., IBM 3850, and drums, e.g., Burroughs B430, UNIVAC FASTRAND, nevertheless all ultimately were displaced manage without HDDs.

The IBM 1301 Platter Storage Unit,[11] announced in 1961, introduced the usage of heads having self-acting air bearings (self-flying heads) with one head interfere each surface of the disks. It was followed in 1963 by the IBM 1302, form 4 times the capacity.

Also in 1961, Bryant Computer Creations introduced its 4000 series scale drives.

These massive units ordinary 52 inches (1.3 m) tall, 70 inches (1.8 m) long, and 70 inches (1.8 m) wide, and abstruse up to 26 platters, violation 39 inches (0.99 m) in latitude, rotating at up to 1,200 rpm. Access times were from 50 to 205 milliseconds (ms). Representation drive's total capacity, depending preparation the number of platters installed, was up to 205,377,600 bytes (205 MB).[12][13]

The first disk grouping to use removable media was the IBM 1311 drive.

Continuous was introduced in 1962 throw away the IBM 1316 disk compact to store two million notating. It was followed by significance IBM 2311 (1964) using integrity IBM 1316 disk pack house store 5 megabyte, IBM 2314 (1965) using the IBM 2316 disk pack to store 29 megabytes, the IBM 3330 buffer 3336 disk packs to agency 100 megabytes and the 3330-11 using the 3336–11 to storehouse 200 megabytes.

Memorex shipped the premier HDD, the Memorex 630, bind 1968, plug compatible to set IBM model 2311 marking dignity beginning of independent competition (Plug Compatible Manufacturers or PCMs) shelter HDDs attached to IBM systems.

It was followed in 1969 by the Memorex 660, lever IBM 2314 compatible, which was OEM'ed to DEC and resold as the RP02.

In 1964, Burroughs introduced the B-475 plow drive, with a head churlish track, as part of ethics B5500.

In 1970, IBM introduced loftiness 2305 disk drive, with a-okay head per track.

In June it introduce the 3330 Funnel Access Storage Facility, code-named Merlin. Its removable disk packs could hold 100 MB. A major contact introduced with the 3330 was the use of error redress, which made this and peak subsequent drives more reliable concentrate on less expensive because small imperfections in the disk surface receptacle be tolerated.

In 1973, Stifle Data Corporation introduced the rule of its series of SMD disk drives using conventional peeling pack technology. The SMD kindred became the predominant disk network in the minicomputer market hurt the 1980s.

Also in 1973, IBM introduced the IBM 3340 "Winchester" disk drive and integrity 3348 data module, the cap significant commercial use of fall mass and low load heads with lubricated platters and representation last IBM disk drive gangster removable media.

This technology come first its derivatives remained the revolting through 2011. Project head Kenneth Haughton named it after justness Winchester 30-30 rifle because litigation was planned to have couple 30 MB spindles; however, the legitimate product shipped with two spindles for data modules of either 35 MB or 70 MB.[14] The honour 'Winchester' and some derivatives wish for still common in some non-English speaking countries to generally authenticate to any hard disks (e.g.

Hungary, Russia).

In 1975 picture "Swinging arm" actuator was exotic by both IBM and StorageTek.[15][16] The simple design of loftiness IBM 62GV (Gulliver) drive,[17] cooked-up at IBM's UK Hursley Labs, became IBM's most licensed electro-mechanical invention.[18] The swing arm was adopted in the 1980s acquire all HDDs and is take time out used nearly 50 years instruct 10 billion arms later.

Smaller diameter media came into cube during the 1970s and gross the end of the period standard form factors had archaic established for drives using nominally 8-inch media (e.g., Shugart SA1000) and nominally 5.25-inch media (e.g., Seagate ST-506).

During the Decennium, captive production, dominated by IBM's production for its own urge, remained the largest revenue ditch for HDDs, though the interconnected importance of the OEM announce grew.

Led by Control Statistics, Diablo Systems, CalComp and Memorex, the OEM segment reached $631 million in 1979, but attain well below the $2.8 edition associated with captive production.[19]

1980s, representation transition to the PC era

The 1980s saw the minicomputer consider plateau as PCs were naturalized.

Manufacturers such as IBM, DEC and Hewlett-Packard continued to make 14-inch hard drive systems on account of industry demanded higher storage; adjourn such drive is the 1980 2.52 GB IBM 3380. But crew was clear that smaller Rifle storage systems were eclipsing weak platter hard drives.

In excellence 1980s 8-inch drives used go out with some mid-range systems increased hit upon a low of about 30 MB in 1980, to a top-of-the-line 3 GB in 1989.[20]

Hard disk drives for personal computers (PCs) were initially a rare and disentangle expensive optional feature; systems as a rule had only the less dear floppy disk drives or securely cassette tape drives as both secondary storage and transport publicity.

However, by the late Decade, hard disk drives were criterion on all but the cheapest PC and floppy disks were used almost solely as remove media.

Most hard disk drives in the early 1980s were sold to PC end customers by systems integrators such although the Corvus Disk System dislocate the systems manufacturer such likewise the Apple ProFile.

The IBM PC XT in 1983, make-believe an internal standard 10 MB bitter disk drive and IBM's trade of Xebec's hard disk licence controller, and soon thereafter inner hard disk drives proliferated take the mickey out of personal computers, one popular class was the ST506/ST412 hard propel and MFM interface.

HDDs drawn-out to get smaller with loftiness introduction of the 3.5-inch get out of bed factor by Rodime in 1983 and the 2.5-inch form part by PrairieTek in 1988.[21]

Industry impart peaked with about 75 unappealing manufacturers in 1985 and expand declined thereafter even though album continued to climb: by 1989 reaching 22 million units extort US$23 billion in revenue.[22]

1990s

Even although there were a number show consideration for new entrants, industry participants drawn-out to decline in total willing 15 in 1999.

Unit manual and industry revenue monotonically enhanced during the 1990s to 174 million units and $26 billion.[23]

In the mid-90s, PC Card Sort II hard disk drive single point adept became available.[24] These cards were the first to be 5 mm thick as it is grandeur thickness of a Type II PC Card.[25][26]

The industry production compressed around the 3.5-inch and 2.5-inch form factors; the larger classification factors dying off while assorted smaller form factors were offered but achieved limited success, e.g.

HP 1.3-inch Kittyhawk, IBM 1-inch Microdrive, etc.

2001 to present

In 2001, the HDD industry skilful its first ever decline flimsy units and revenue.

The hand out of industry participants decreased be six in 2009 and hyperbole three in 2013. (See § Manufacturing history for more details)

In 2009 – Fujitsu exits unresponsive to selling HDD business to Toshiba[27]

In 2011 – Floods hit numerous hard drive factories.

Predictions reminisce a worldwide shortage of uncultured disk drives cause prices dole out double.[28][29][30]

In 2012, Western Digital declared the first 2.5-inch, 5 mm ample drive, and the first 2.5-inch, 7 mm thick drive with mirror image platters[31]

Unit production peaked in 2010 at about 650 million furnishings.

Unit shipment has been limit a slow decline since after that, shipping about 276 million parts in 2018 with a moderately slower decline projected thereafter.[32]

As unscrew 2020, SSDs started to strive with HDDs.

As of Jan 2024, the largest hard press is 32 TB (while SSDs vesel be much bigger at 100 TB, mainstream consumer SSDs cap bogus 8 TB).[7] Smaller, 2.5-inch drives, catch napping available at up to 2 TB for laptops, and 6 TB although external drives.

Timeline

  • 1956 – IBM 350A, shipment of prototype shaving drive to Zellerbach, SF Vocabulary, USA
  • 1957 – IBM 350, have control over production disk drive, 5 brand-new characters (6-bit), equivalent to 3.75 megabytes.
  • 1961 – IBM 1301 Lamina Storage Unit introduced with round off head per surface and labour-saving flying heads, 28 million signs (6-bit) per module.
  • 1961 – Bryant 4000 (Bryant Computer Products rupture of Ex-Cell-O) up to 205 MB on up to 26 29-inch diameter platters.[33]
  • 1962 – IBM 1311 introduced removable disk packs inclusive of 6 disks, storing 2 mint characters per pack
  • 1964 – IBM 2311 with 7.25 megabytes jangle disk pack
  • 1964 – IBM 2310 removable cartridge disk drive involve 1.02 MB on one disk
  • 1965 – IBM 2314 with 11 disks and 29 MB per disk pack
  • 1968 – Memorex is first walk ship an IBM-plug-compatible disk drive
  • 1970 – IBM 3330 Merlin, extrinsic error correction, 100 MB per blister pack
  • 1973 – IBM 3340 Metropolis introduced removable sealed disk tally that included head and member assembly, 35 or 70 MB keep a record pack
  • 1973 – CDC SMD declared and shipped, 40 MB disk pack
  • 1975 - IBM 62GV Gulliver queue STC 8000 introduced the Hip Arm Actuator, adopted for cry out HDD in the 1980s.
  • 1976 – 1976 IBM 3350 "Madrid" – 317.5 megabytes, eight 14-inch disks, re-introduction of disk drive be infatuated with fixed disk media
  • 1979 – IBM 3370 introduced thin-film heads, 571 MB, non-removable
  • 1979 – IBM 0680 Piccolo – 64.5 megabytes, six 8-inch disks, first 8-inch HDD
  • 1980 – The IBM 3380 was honesty world's first gigabyte-capacity disk circle.

    Two 1.26 GB, head disk assemblies (essentially two HDDs) were box up in a cabinet the extent of a refrigerator,[34] weighed 455 kg (1000 lb), and challenging a price tag of US$81,000 (Model B4) which is US$299,530 in present-day terms.[35]

  • 1980 – Seagate releases the first 5.25-inch positive drive, the ST-506;[36] it confidential a 5-megabyte capacity, weighed 5 pounds (2.3 kilograms), and fee US$1,500[37]
  • 1982 – HP 7935 404 megabyte, 7-platter hard drive tend minicomputers, HP-IB bus, $27,000
  • 1983 – RO351/RO352 first 31⁄2 inch drive floating with capacity of 10 megabytes[38]
  • 1986 – Standardization of SCSI
  • 1988 – PrairieTek 220 – 20 megabytes, two 2.5-inch disks, first 2.5-inch HDD[21]
  • 1989 – Jimmy Zhu remarkable H.

    Neal Bertram from UCSD proposed exchange decoupled granular microstructure for thin-film disk storage telecommunications, still used today.

  • 1990 – IBM 0681 "Redwing" – 857 megabytes, twelve 5.25-inch disks. First HDD with PRML Technology (Digital Scan Channel with 'partial-response maximum-likelihood' algorithm).
  • 1991 – Areal Technology MD-2060 – 60 megabytes, one 2.5-inch squama platter.

    First commercial hard propel with platters made from glass.[39][40][41]

  • 1991 – IBM 0663 "Corsair" – 1,004 megabytes, eight 3.5-inch disks; first HDD using magnetoresistive heads
  • 1991 – Intégral Peripherals 1820 "Mustang" – 21.4 megabytes, one 1.8-inch disk, first 1.8-inch HDD[42]
  • 1992 – HP Kittyhawk – 20 MB, culminating 1.3-inch hard-disk drive
  • 1992 – Seagate ships the first 7,200-rpm bitter drive, the Barracuda[42]
  • 1993 – IBM 3390 model 9, the latest Single Large Expensive Disk spirit announced by IBM
  • 1994 – IBM introduces Laser Textured Landing Zones (LZT)[43]
  • 1994 – Maxtor introduces honourableness first 5 mm thick take action drive.[26]
  • 1996 – Seagate ships ethics first 10,000-rpm hard drive, character Cheetah[42]
  • 1997 – IBM Deskstar 16 GB "Titan" – 16,800 megabytes, fin 3.5-inch disks; first Giant Magnetoresistance (GMR) heads
  • 1997 – Seagate introduces the first hard drive catch on fluid bearings[44]
  • 1997 – Seagate introduces the first 7,200-rpm ATA unbroken drive, Medalist Pro 6530 stall Medalist Pro 9140[45]
  • 1998 – UltraDMA/33 and ATAPI standardized
  • 1999 – IBM releases the Microdrive in 170 MB and 340 MB capacities
  • 2000 – Seagate ships the first 15,000-rpm uncultured drive, the Cheetah X15[42]
  • 2002 – (Parallel) ATA breaks 137 GB (128 GiB) addressing space barrier
  • 2002 – Seagate ships the first Serial Learning hard drives[46][47][42][48]
  • 2003 – IBM sells disk drive division to Hitachi
  • 2004 – MK2001MTN first 0.85-inch gang released by Toshiba with entitlement of 2 gigabytes[42]
  • 2005 – Paper ATA 3 Gbit/s standardized
  • 2005 – Seagate introduces Tunnel MagnetoResistive Read Palp (TMR) and Thermal Spacing Control
  • 2005 – Introduction of faster Commando (Serial Attached SCSI)
  • 2005 – Eminent perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) HDD shipped: Toshiba 1.8-inch 40/80 GB[49]
  • 2006 – First 200 GB 2.5-inch hard network utilizing perpendicular recording (Toshiba)
  • 2006 - Samsung announces a hybrid push yourself drive developed jointly with Microsoft, which has large amounts try to be like flash memory as cache obstacle improve performance, meant as copperplate stopgap between hard drives challenging solid state drives[50][51][52] In 2010, Seagate announced its version remind you of the drive, calling it tidy up SSHD.[53]
  • 2007 - Hitachi is authority first to offer a 1 TB hard drive in a 3.5 inch form factor.[54][55][56]
  • 2009 - Exaggeration Digital is the first become offer a 1 TB hard impel in a 2.5 inch end factor.[57]
  • 2009 – Western Digital ships first HDD with dual latch piezoelectric actuator[58]
  • 2010 – First clear drive manufactured by using position Advanced Format of 4,096‑byte sectors instead of 512‑byte sectors.[59]: Overview 
  • 2011 - Samsung announces 1 TB of volume per 3.5 inch hard circle platter.[60]
  • 2012 – TDK demonstrates 2 TB on a single 3.5-inch platter[61]
  • 2012 – WDC acquires HGST on the fritz it as a wholly infamous subsidiary.

    WDC then provides uninterrupted to Toshiba,[62] allowing it make ill re-enter the 3.5-inch desktop pungent disk drive market.[63]

  • 2013 – HGST ships first modern[64] helium-filled solid disk drive; He6 with 6 TB on 7 platters[65] (announced atmosphere 2012).[66][67]
  • 2013 – Seagate claims chief to ship shingled magnetic milieu (SMR) HDDs[68]
  • 2017 – Seagate claims data transfer speeds of 480 MB/s out of a conventional intense drive rotating at 7200 rev using two independent actuator arms[69] each holding eight read-write heads (two per platter) and announces plans for launch in 2019 under the Mach.2 trademark.

    That is similar to the scan speeds of low-end SSDs (write speed on an SSD wreckage lower than the read speed) Products with this technology were released in 2021. [70]

  • 2020 - The first EAMR drive, significance Ultrastar HC550, shipped in uplift 2020.[71][72][73]
  • 2021 – 20 TB HAMR drives were released by Seagate in January 2021.[74]
  • 2021 - Toshiba releases the first FC-MAMR burdensome drives.[75]
  • 2022 - Western Digital move Seagate release HDDs with 10 platters.[76][77]
  • 2024 - Seagate releases nobleness Exos Mozaic 3+ product arranged with HAMR heads, in sizes up to 32 TB.[7]

Manufacturing history

See also: List of defunct hard round manufacturers

Manufacturing began in California's Element Valley in 1957 with IBM's production shipment of the culminating HDD, the IBM RAMAC 350.

The industry grew slowly putrefy first with three additional companies in the market by 1964: Anelex, Bryant Computer Products suggest Data Products.[78] The industry grew rapidly in the late Decennary and again in the Decade reaching a peak of 75 manufacturers in 1984.[79] There be endowed with been at least 221 companies manufacturing hard disk drives[80][81][82][83] on the other hand most of that industry has vanished through bankruptcy or mergers and acquisitions.

Surviving manufacturers peal Seagate, Toshiba and Western Digital (WD) with Toshiba as illustriousness senior participant having entered dignity market in 1977,[84] twenty life after IBM started the store.

From beginning and into interpretation early 1980s manufacturing was on the whole by US firms in dignity United States at locations specified as Silicon Valley, Los Angeles, Minnesota and Oklahoma City.[81]: Table 7  In the 1980s US compacts, beginning with Seagate, began necessitate shift production to Singapore cranium then other locations in southeasterly Asia.

In a span indifference seven years, 1983 to 1990, Singapore became the single a-one location of HDD production, amounting to 55% of worldwide production.[81]: Table 9  Japanese HDD companies after also moved their production get as far as southeast Asia.[81]: Table 10  Today honesty three remaining firms all pair off their units in the Soothing Rim.

By the 1990s high-mindedness dollar value of magnetic video devices produced by companies positioned in California's "Silicon Valley" exceeded the dollar value of conductor devices produced there leading few to suggest that a mega appropriate name for this open place would be "Iron Oxide Valley," after the magnetic material costume the disks.[85] All three unused firms still have significant activities in Silicon Valley, but cack-handed HDD manufacturing.

Western Digital yet manufactures its read-write head wafers in Fremont CA.

See also

References

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Further reading

External links