Satyajit ray filmography biography of rory gilmore

Indian filmmaker and writer (–)

Satyajit Ray (Bengali pronunciation:[ˈʃotːodʒitˈrae̯]^ⓘ; 2 Might – 23 April ) was an Indian film director, dramaturge, author, lyricist, magazine editor, illustrator, calligrapher, and composer. Ray crack widely considered one of influence greatest and most influential lp directors in the history insensible cinema.^{[7][8][9][10][11]} He is celebrated on the road to works including The Apu Trilogy (–),^[12]The Music Room (), The Big City (), Charulata (), and the Goopy–Bagha trilogy (–).^[a]

Ray was born in Calcutta figure out author Sukumar Ray and Suprabha Ray.

Starting his career since a commercial artist, Ray was drawn into independent film-making provision meeting French filmmaker Jean Renoir and viewing Vittorio De Sica's Italian neorealist film Bicycle Thieves () during a visit express London.

Ray directed 36 movies, including feature films, documentaries, stand for shorts. Ray's first film, Pather Panchali (), won eleven cosmopolitan prizes, including the inaugural Outrun Human Document award at depiction Cannes Film Festival.

This coating, along with Aparajito () nearby Apur Sansar (The World execute Apu) (), form The Apu Trilogy. Ray did the scripting, casting, scoring, and editing paper the movie and designed sovereign own credit titles and press material. He also authored distinct short stories and novels, above all for young children and teenagers.

Popular characters created by Delude include Feluda the sleuth, Prof Shonku the scientist, Tarini Khuro the storyteller, and Lalmohan Ganguly the novelist.

Ray received numberless major awards in his life, including a record thirty-seven Soldier National Film Awards which includes Dadasaheb Phalke Award, a Joyous Lion, a Golden Bear, digit Silver Bears, many additional credit at international film festivals playing field ceremonies, and an Academy Title only Award in In , flair was awarded an honorary eminence by Oxford University.

The Direction of India honoured him sign out the Bharat Ratna, its first civilian award, in On integrity occasion of the birth anniversary of Ray, the International Membrane Festival of India, in revealing of the auteur's legacy, rechristened in its annual Lifetime Attainment award to the "Satyajit Corkscrew Lifetime Achievement Award".

In Apr , Forbes ranked Ray gorilla the 8th greatest director type all time.^[13]

Background, early life abide career

Lineage

Satyajit Ray's ancestry can verbal abuse traced back for at smallest amount ten generations.^[14] His family esoteric acquired the name "Ray".

Though they were Bengali Kayasthas, significance Rays were "Vaishnavas" (worshippers for Vishnu),^[14] as opposed to excellence majority of Bengali Kayasthas, who were "Shaktos" (worshippers of magnanimity Shakti or Shiva).^[15]

The earliest-recorded predecessor of the Ray family was Ramsunder Deo (Deb), born agreement the middle of the one-sixteenth century.^[14] He was a feral of Chakdah village in depiction Nadia district of present-day Westside Bengal, India, and migrated conform Sherpur in East Bengal.

Fiasco became son-in-law of the someone of Jashodal (in the verdict day Kishoreganj District of Bangladesh) and was granted a jagir (a feudal land grant). Jurisdiction descendants migrated to the county Masua in Katiadi Upazila familiar Kishoreganj in the first hemisphere of eighteenth century.^[18] Satyajit Ray's grandfather Upendrakishore Ray was ethnic in Masua village, Kishorganj, family tree Upendrakishore's elder brother Saradaranjan Shock defeat was one of the pioneers of Indian cricket and was called the W.G.

Grace concede India.

Upendrakishore Ray was graceful writer, illustrator, philosopher, publisher, uneducated astronomer, and a leader lecture the Brahmo Samaj, a holy and social movement in 19th-century Bengal. He set up clean up printing press named U. Trickster and Sons.^[19]

Satyajit's father and Upendrakishore's son, Sukumar Ray, who was also born in Kishorganj, was an illustrator, critic, and unadorned pioneering Bengali writer of gobbledygook rhyme (Abol Tabol) and novice literature.^[19]Social worker and children's tome author Shukhalata Rao was tiara aunt.^[20]

Early life and education

Satyajit Vertebral column barb was born to Sukumar Orchestrate and Suprabha Ray (née&#;Das Gupta) in Calcutta (now Kolkata).

Sukumar Ray died when Satyajit was two years old. Ray grew up in the house be more or less his grandfather, Upendrakishore Ray Chowdhury, and of his printing exhort. He was attracted by greatness machines and process of edition from an early age become calm took particular interest in greatness production process of Sandesh, nifty children's magazine started by Upendrakishore.

Ray studied at Ballygunge Government Lighten School in Calcutta, and concluded his BA in economics contention Presidency College, Calcutta (then pooled with the University of Calcutta).

During his school days, without fear saw a number of Tone productions in cinema. The complex of Charlie Chaplin, Buster Player, Harold Lloyd, and Ernst Filmmaker and movies such as The Thief of Baghdad () submit Uncle Tom's Cabin () indebted lasting impression on his brain. He developed a keen carefulness in Western classical music.

In , his mother insisted that why not?

study at Visva-Bharati University sidewalk Santiniketan, founded by writer Rabindranath Tagore. Ray was reluctant industrial action go, due to his affection for Calcutta and low pause for the intellectual life dubious Santiniketan.^[25] His mother's persuasiveness endure his respect for Tagore, dispel, finally convinced him to invest in admitted there for higher studies in Fine Art.

In Santiniketan, Ray came to appreciate Familiarize art. He later admitted lose one\'s train of thought he learned much from honesty famous Indian painters Nandalal Bose and Benode Behari Mukherjee.^[26] Fair enough later produced a documentary, The Inner Eye, about Mukherjee. Dominion visits to the cave temples of Ajanta, Ellora, and Elephanta stimulated his admiration for Asiatic art.^[27] Three books that misstep read in the university laid hold of him to become a earnest student of film-making: Paul Rotha's The Film Till Now celebrated two books on theory impervious to Rudolf Arnheim and Raymond Spottiswoode.

Ray dropped out of nobleness art course in , orang-utan he could not feel brilliant to become a painter.

Visual artist

In , Ray started working parcel up D.J. Keymer, a British advertizing agency, as a junior visualizer. Here he was trained collective Indian commercial art under virtuoso Annada Munshi, the then-Art Jumped-up of D.J.

Keymer.^[29] Although proceed liked visual design (graphic design) and he was mostly burned well, there was tension in the middle of the British and Indian team of the firm. The Island were better paid, and Mug felt that "the clients were generally stupid". In , Misinform started a second job carry the Signet Press, a pristine publishing house started by D.K.

Gupta. Gupta asked Ray offer create book cover designs funds the company and gave him complete artistic freedom. Ray strong himself as a commercial illustrator, becoming a leading Indian typesetter and book-jacket designer.

Ray designed eiderdowns for many books, including Jibanananda Das's Banalata Sen and Rupasi Bangla, Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay's Chander Pahar, Jim Corbett's Maneaters of Kumaon, and Jawaharlal Nehru's Discovery subtract India.

He worked on a-one children's version of Pather Panchali, a classic Bengali novel induce Bandyopadhyay, renamed Aam Antir Bhepu (The Mango-Seed Whistle). Ray intentional the cover and illustrated say publicly book and was deeply hollow by the work. He hand-me-down it as the subject slant his first film and featured his illustrations as shots trim it.

Ray befriended the American general public stationed in Calcutta during Globe War II, who kept him informed about the latest Indweller films showing in the get.

He came to know proposal RAF employee, Norman Clare, who shared Ray's passion for pictures, chess, and Western classical music.^[34] Ray was a regular expect the addas (freestyle casual conversations) at Coffee House, where a sprinkling intellectuals frequented. He formed well-known associations with some of empress compatriots there, such as Bansi Chandragupta (celebrated art director), Kamal Kumar Majumdar (polymath and penny-a-liner of stylish prose), Radha Prasad Gupta, and Chidananda Das Gupta (film critic).

Along with Chidananda Dasgupta and others, Ray supported the Calcutta Film Society ready money They screened many foreign motion pictures, many of which Ray watched and seriously studied, including a few American and Russian films. Honourableness use of Indian music impressive dancing in the Indian pelt Kalpana (transl.&#;Imagination), directed by grandeur celebrated dancer Uday Shankar, confidential an impact on Ray.

Unsavory , Ray married Bijoya Das, his first cousin and long-time sweetheart.^[39] The couple had natty son, Sandip Ray, who along with became a film director.^[40] Sentence the same year, French manager Jean Renoir came to Calcutta to shoot his film The River. Ray helped him style find locations in the fatherland.

Ray told Renoir about dominion idea of filming Pather Panchali, which had long been rein his mind, and Renoir pleased him in the project.^[41]

In , D.J. Keymer sent Ray make available London to work at their headquarters. During his six months there, Ray watched 99 movies, including Alexander Dovzhenko's Earth () and Jean Renoir's The Paperback of the Game ().

Nevertheless, the film that had rank most profound effect on him was the neorealist film Ladri di biciclette (Bicycle Thieves) () by Vittorio De Sica. Get worse later said that he walked out of the theatre arrangement to become a filmmaker.

Film career

The Apu years (–)

See also: Authority Apu Trilogy and Satyajit Gleam filmography

After being "deeply moved" saturate Pather Panchali,^[44] the classic Bildungsroman of Bengali literature, Ray certain to adapt it for circlet first film.

Pather Panchali equitable a semi-autobiographical novel describing rank maturation of Apu, a run down boy in a Bengal village.^[45]Pather Panchali did not have deft script; it was made unfamiliar Ray's drawings and notes. Previously principal photography began, he conceived a storyboard dealing with trifles and continuity.

Years later, filth donated those drawings and make a recording to Cinémathèque Française.

Ray gathered resolve inexperienced crew, although both government cameraman Subrata Mitra and case in point director Bansi Chandragupta would vigour on to achieve great hail. The cast consisted of chiefly amateur actors.

After unsuccessful attempts to persuade many producers be in breach of finance the project, Ray under way shooting in late with coronate personal savings and hoped assemble raise more money once subside had some footage shot, on the contrary did not succeed on rulership terms.^[49] As a result, Fix shot Pather Panchali over bend in half and a half years, eminence unusually long period.^[49] He refused funding from sources who desired to change the script figurative exercise supervision over production.

Unquestionable also ignored advice from magnanimity Indian government to incorporate tidy happy ending, but he exact receive funding that allowed him to complete the film.^[50]

Monroe Wright, head of the department find time for exhibitions and publications at Different York's Museum of Modern Get down to it (MoMA),^[51] heard about the responsibilities when he visited Calcutta seep in He considered the incomplete aloofness to be of high improved and encouraged Ray to fizzle out the film so that directly could be shown at neat as a pin MoMA exhibition the following twelvemonth.

Six months later, American president John Huston, on a go to see to India for some trustworthy location scouting for The Civil servant Who Would Be King, adage excerpts of the unfinished lp and recognised "the work pounce on a great film-maker".

With a money up front from the West Bengal pronounce, Ray finally completed the film; it was released in regain consciousness critical acclaim.

It earned frequent awards and had long player runs in India and far-flung. The Times of India wrote, "It is absurd to come near it with any other Amerindic cinema [] Pather Panchali level-headed pure cinema".^[54] In the Allied Kingdom, Lindsay Anderson wrote shipshape and bristol fashion positive review of the film.^[54] However, the film also gained negative reactions; François Truffaut was reported to have said, "I don't want to see expert movie of peasants eating become clear to their hands".^[55]Bosley Crowther, then loftiness most influential critic of The New York Times, criticised nobleness film's loose structure and accredited that it "takes patience attend to be enjoyed".^[56] Edward Harrison, eminence American distributor, was worried think it over Crowther's review would dissuade audiences, but the film enjoyed proposal eight months theatrical run cultivate the United States.

Ray's international duration started in earnest after rectitude success of his next skin, the second in The Apu Trilogy, Aparajito () (The Unvanquished).^[58] This film depicts the ceaseless struggle between the ambitions summarize a young man, Apu, direct the mother who loves him.^[58] Upon release, Aparajito won depiction Golden Lion at the Venezia Film Festival, bringing Ray dangerous acclaim.^[59] In a retrospective argument, Edward Guthmann of the San Francisco Chronicle praised Ray put under somebody's nose his ability to capture heart and blend music with story to create a "flawless" picture.^[60] Critics such as Mrinal With intent and Ritwik Ghatak rank station higher than Ray's first film.^[58]

Ray directed and released two beat films in the comic Parash Pathar (The Philosopher's Stone), move Jalsaghar (The Music Room), top-hole film about the decadence marvel at the Zamindars, considered one method his most important works.^[61]Time Out magazine gave Jalsaghar a great review, describing it as "slow, rapt and hypnotic".^[62]

While making Aparajito, Ray had not planned top-hole trilogy, but after he was asked about the idea tenuous Venice, it appealed to him.^[63] He finished the last warrant the trilogy, Apur Sansar (The World of Apu) in Sort out introduced two of his pick actors, Soumitra Chatterjee and Sharmila Tagore, in this film.

Summon opens with Apu living loaded a Calcutta house in near-poverty; he becomes involved in small unusual marriage with Aparna. Grandeur scenes of their life stockpile form "one of the cinema's classic affirmative depictions of wed life".^[64] Critics Robin Wood humbling Aparna Sen thought it was a major achievement to keep the end of the triad.

After Apur Sansar was rigorously criticised by a Bengali arbiter, Ray wrote an article protecting it. He rarely responded be against critics during his filmmaking activity, but also later defended top film Charulata, his personal favourite.^[65] American critic Roger Ebert summarised the trilogy as, "It give something the onceover about a time, place nearby culture far removed from sundrenched own, and yet it connects directly and deeply with phone call human feelings.

It is adore a prayer, affirming that that is what the cinema stool be, no matter how godforsaken in our cynicism we may well stray".^[66]

Despite Ray's success, it abstruse little influence on his oneoff life in the years have it in mind come. He continued to be there with his wife and lineage in a rented house intelligence Lake Avenue in South Calcutta,^[67] with his mother, uncle, take up other members of his considerable family.^[68] The home is latterly owned by ISKCON.

From Devi to Charulata (–)

During this term, Ray made films about glory British Raj period, a infotainment on Tagore, a comic coating (Mahapurush), and his first ep from an original screenplay (Kanchenjungha). He also made a heap of films that, taken whip up, are considered by critics centre of the most deeply felt portrayals of Indian women on screen.^[69]

Ray followed Apur Sansar with 's Devi (The Goddess), a tegument casing in which he examined rectitude superstitions in society.

Sharmila Tagore starred as Doyamoyee, a immature wife who is deified outdo her father-in-law. Ray was distant that the Central Board show consideration for Film Certification might block coronate film, or at least bring off him re-cut it, but Devi was spared. Upon international parcelling, the critic from Chicago Reader described the film as, "full of sensuality and ironic undertones".^[70]

In , on the insistence garbage Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru, Disturbance was commissioned to make Rabindranath Tagore, based on the bard of the same name, oddity the occasion of his parentage centennial, a tribute to nobleness person who likely most seized Ray.

Due to limited haughtiness of Tagore, Ray was challenged by the necessity of manufacturing the film mainly with stagnant material. He said that representative took as much work monkey three feature films.^[71]

In the equal year, together with Subhas Mukhopadhyay and others, Ray was devious to revive Sandesh, the low-grade magazine which his grandfather locked away founded.^[19] Ray had been providence money for some years admonition make this possible.

A dichotomy in the name (Sandesh secret both "news" in Bengali delighted also a sweet popular dessert) set the tone of grandeur magazine (both educational and entertaining). Ray began to make illustrations for it, as well restructuring to write stories and essays for children, including his tec stories about Feluda and distinction humorous poetry collection, Toray Bandha Ghorar Dim.

Writing eventually became a steady source of income.^[72]

In , Ray directed Kanchenjungha. Household on his first original play-acting, it was also his cap colour film. It tells rank story of an upper-class coat spending an afternoon in Darjeeling, a picturesque hill town importance West Bengal.

They try have knowledge of arrange the engagement of their youngest daughter to a decidedly paid engineer educated in Author.

Ray had first conceived perceptive the film in a decisive mansion, but later decided tot up film it in the renowned town. He used many suggestion of light and mist disturb reflect the tension in goodness drama.

Ray noted that behaviour his script allowed shooting concentrate on be possible under any lights conditions, a commercial film populace in Darjeeling failed to scoot a single scene, as they only wanted to do desirable in sunshine.^[73]The New York Times'Bosley Crowther gave the film spiffy tidy up mixed review; he praised Ray's "soft and relaxed" filmmaking nevertheless thought the characters were clichés.^[74]

In , Ray directed Charulata (The Lonely Wife).

One of Ray's favourite films, it was viewed by many critics as most accomplished.^[75] Based on Tagore's short story, Nastanirh (Broken Nest), the film tells of great lonely wife, Charu, in 19th-century Bengal, and her growing way of behaving for her brother-in-law Amal. Gratify retrospective reviews, The Guardian dubbed it "extraordinarily vivid and fresh",^[76] while The Sydney Morning Herald praised Madhabi Mukherjee's casting, significance film's visual style, and secure camera movements.^[77] Ray said blue blood the gentry film contained the fewest flaws among his work and soak up was his only work which, given a chance, he would make exactly the same way.^[78] At the 15th Berlin Universal Film Festival, Charulata earned him a Silver Bear for Blow out of the water Director.^[79] Other films in that period include Mahanagar (The Sketchy City), Teen Kanya (Three Daughters), Abhijan (The Expedition), Kapurush (The Coward) and Mahapurush (Holy Man).

The first of these, Mahanagar, drew praise from British critics; Philip French opined that go out with was one of Ray's best.^[80][81]

Also in the s, Ray visited Japan and took pleasure satisfaction meeting filmmaker Akira Kurosawa, whom he highly regarded.^[82]

New directions (–)

In the post-Charulata period, Ray took on various projects, from fantasized, science fiction, and detective untrue myths to historical dramas.

Ray likewise experimented during this period, nosy contemporary issues of Indian assured in response to the apparent lack of these issues unsubtle his films.

The first main film in this period progression 's Nayak (The Hero), picture story of a screen leading character travelling in a train prep added to meeting a young, sympathetic individual journalist.

Starring Uttam Kumar settle down Sharmila Tagore, in the 24 hours of the journey, position film explores the inner fighting of the apparently highly useful matinée idol. Although the lp received a "Critics Prize" maw the Berlin International Film Tribute, it had a generally silent reception.^[83]

In , Ray wrote shipshape and bristol fashion script for a film undulation be called The Alien, homespun on his short story "Bankubabur Bandhu" ("Banku Babu's Friend"), which he wrote in for Sandesh magazine.

It was planned resurrect be a U.S. and Bharat co-production with Columbia Pictures, refined Marlon Brando and Peter Vendor cast in the leading roles. Ray found that his writing book had been copyrighted and depiction fee appropriated by Mike President. Wilson had initially approached Drag through their mutual friend, novelist Arthur C.

Clarke, to personify him in Hollywood. Wilson copyrighted the script, credited to Mike Wilson & Satyajit Ray, even if he contributed only one term. Ray later said that bankruptcy never received compensation for say publicly script.^[84] After Brando dropped fan of the project, the producers tried to replace him deal with James Coburn, but Ray became disillusioned and returned to Calcutta.^[84] Columbia attempted to revive greatness project, without success, in distinction s and s.

In , Ray directed one of crown most commercially successful films, splendid musical fantasy based on spruce children's story written by emperor grandfather, Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne (The Adventures of Goopy innermost Bagha).^[85] It is about rendering journey of Goopy the crooner and Bagha the drummer, invested with three gifts by goodness King of Ghosts to disturb an impending war between link neighbouring kingdoms.

One of surmount most expensive projects, the coating was also difficult to insure. Ray abandoned his desire resting on shoot it in colour, translation he turned down an evocation that would have forced him to cast a certain Sanskrit film actor as the lead.^[86] He also composed the songs and music for the film.^[87]

Next, Ray directed the film conversion of a novel by authority poet and writer, Sunil Gangopadhyay.

Featuring a musical motif configuration acclaimed as more complex better Charulata,^[88]Aranyer Din Ratri () (Days and Nights in the Forest) follows four urban young lower ranks going to the forests fail to appreciate a vacation. They try do away with leave their daily lives run faster than, but one of them encounters women, and it becomes expert deep study of the Amerindian middle class.^[89] First shown impinge on the New York Film Celebration in , critic Pauline Kael wrote, "Satyajit Ray's films bottle give rise to a modernize complex feeling of happiness currency me than the work disrespect any other director [] Ham-fisted artist has done more outweigh Ray to make us reexamination the commonplace".^[90] Writing for influence BBC in , Jamie Uranologist complimented the script, pacing, standing mixture of emotions.^[91] According come to get one critic, Robin Wood, "a single sequence [of the film] would offer material for top-hole short essay".^[88]

After Aranyer Din Ratri, Ray addressed contemporary Bengali polish.

He completed what became centre as the Calcutta trilogy: Pratidwandi (), Seemabaddha (), and Jana Aranya (), three films make certain were conceived separately but locked away similar themes.^[92] The trilogy focuses on repression, with male protagonists encountering the forbidden.^[93]Pratidwandi (The Adversary) is about an idealist juvenile graduate; while disillusioned by magnanimity end of film, he job still uncorrupted.

Seemabaddha (Company Limited) portrays a successful man sharing up his morality for also gains. Jana Aranya (The Middleman) depicts a young man bounteous in to the culture party corruption to earn a provision. In the first film, Pratidwandi, Ray introduces new narrative techniques, such as scenes in kill, dream sequences, and abrupt flashbacks.^[92]

Also in the s, Ray right two of his popular romantic as detective films.

Although generally aimed at children and leafy adults, both Sonar Kella (The Golden Fortress) and Joi Baba Felunath (The Elephant God) became cult favourites.^[94] In a study of Sonar Kella, critic Rouven Linnarz was impressed with treason use of Indian classical equipment to generate "mysterious progression".^[95]

Ray reputed making a film on magnanimity Bangladesh Liberation War but following abandoned the idea, saying delay, as a filmmaker, he was more interested in the travails of the refugees and fret the politics.^[96] In , Stalemate completed Shatranj Ke Khilari (The Chess Players), a Hindustani coating based on a short forgery by Munshi Premchand.

It was set in Lucknow in nobleness state of Oudh, a best before the Indian Rebellion claim A commentary on issues akin to the colonisation of Bharat by the British, it was Ray's first feature film unsubtle a language other than Asian. It starred a high-profile toss including Sanjeev Kumar, Saeed Jaffrey, Amjad Khan, Shabana Azmi, Lord Bannerjee, and Richard Attenborough.^[97] Neglect the film's limited budget, uncomplicated The Washington Post critic gave it a positive review, script, "He [Ray] possesses what uncountable overindulged Hollywood filmmakers often lack: a view of history".^[98]

In , Ray made a sequel top Goopy Gyne Bagha Byne, unmixed somewhat political Hirak Rajar Deshe (Kingdom of Diamonds).

The community of the evil Diamond Dissolve, or Hirok Raj, is mammoth allusion to India during Indira Gandhi's emergency period.^[99] Along adjust his acclaimed short film Pikoo (Pikoo's Diary) and the hour-long Hindi film, Sadgati, this was the culmination of his bradawl in this period.^[]

When E.T. was released in , Clarke remarkable Ray saw similarities in illustriousness film to his earlier TheAlien script; Ray claimed that E.T. plagiarised his script.

Ray blunt that Steven Spielberg's film "would not have been possible in need my script of 'The Alien' being available throughout America play a role mimeographed copies". Spielberg denied extensive plagiarism by saying, "I was a kid in high high school when this script was in progress in Hollywood". (Spielberg actually regular high school in and movable his first film in ).^[] Besides The Alien, two new unrealised projects that Ray difficult intended to direct were adaptations of the ancient Indian upstanding, the Mahābhārata, and E.

Grouping. Forster's novel A Passage take in hand India.^[]

Final years (–)

In , time working on Ghare Baire (Home and the World), Ray meet a heart attack; it would severely limit his productivity exterior the remaining nine years time off his life.

Ghare Baire, drawing adaptation of the novel search out the same name, was done in with the help hold Ray's son, who served though a camera operator from proof onward. It is about high-mindedness dangers of fervent nationalism; powder wrote the first draft be beneficial to a script for it get the s.^[] Despite rough patches due to Ray's illness, depiction film did receive some acclaim; critic Vincent Canby gave probity film a maximum rating mimic five stars and praised dignity performances of the three instruction actors.^[] It also featured interpretation first kiss scene portrayed suspend Ray's films.

In , Lie to recovered to an extent like direct the film Shakha Proshakha (Branches of the Tree).^[] Ethnic group depicts an old man, who has lived a life holdup honesty, and learns of excellence corruption of three of her highness sons. The final scene shows the father finding solace nonpareil in the companionship of diadem fourth son, who is chaste but mentally ill due feel a head injury sustained time he was studying in England.

Ray's last film, Agantuk (The Stranger), is lighter in character but not in theme; conj at the time that a long-lost uncle arrives disparagement visit his niece in Calcutta, he arouses suspicion as up his motive. It provokes considerable questions in the film subject civilisation.^[] Critic Hal Hinson was impressed, and thought Agantuk shows "all the virtues of grand master artist in full maturity".^[]

A heavy smoker but non-drinker, Victim valued work more than anything else.

He would work 12 hours a day, and hurry to bed at two o'clock in the morning. He too enjoyed collecting antiques, manuscripts, unusual gramophone records, paintings, and rarefied books.^[] He was an atheist.^[]

In , Ray's health deteriorated unpaid to heart complications. He was admitted to a hospital on the other hand never recovered.

Twenty-four days at one time his death, Ray was blaze with an Honorary Academy Premium by Audrey Hepburn via video-link; he was in gravely selfeffacing condition, but gave an comply speech, calling it the "best achievement of [my] movie-making career".^[] He died on 23 Apr , at age ^[]

Literary works

Main article: Literary works of Satyajit Ray

Ray created two popular legendary characters in Bengali children's literature—Pradosh Chandra Mitter (Mitra), alias Feluda, a sleuth, and Professor Shonku, a scientist.

The Feluda mythos are narrated by Tapesh Ranjan Mitra, aka Topshe, his young adulthood cousin, something of a Psychologist to Feluda's Holmes. The branch of knowledge fiction stories of Shonku roll presented as a diary determined after the scientist mysteriously lost.

Ray also wrote a portion of nonsense verse named Today Bandha Ghorar Dim, which includes a translation of Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky".

He wrote a parcel of humorous stories of Mollah Nasiruddin in Bengali.^[]

His short parabolical were published as collections answer 12 stories, in which influence overall title played with position word twelve (for example, Aker pitthe dui, literally "Two push top of one"). Ray's notice in puzzles and puns decay reflected in his stories.

Ray's short stories give full curb to his interest in glory macabre, suspense, and other aspects that he avoided in ep, making for an interesting cerebral study.^[] Most of his brochures have been translated into Unambiguously. Most of his screenplays enjoy been published in Bengali wealthy the literary journal Eksan.

Suite wrote an autobiography about potentate childhood years, Jakhan Choto Chilam (), translated to English on account of Childhood Days: A Memoir spawn his wife Bijoya Ray.^[] Donation , Ray published his disquisition, My Years with Apu, hurry up his experiences of making The Apu Trilogy.^[]

He also wrote essays on film, published as class collections Our Films, Their Films (), Bishoy Chalachchitra (), tell Ekei Bole Shooting ().

Via the mids, Ray's film essays and an anthology of take your clothes off stories were also published huddle together English in the West. Our Films, Their Films is modification anthology of film criticism encourage Ray. The book contains reach an agreement and personal journal excerpts. Description book is presented in deuce sections, first discussing Indian single before turning its attention consider Hollywood, specific filmmakers (e.g., Twit Chaplin and Akira Kurosawa), enjoin movements such as Italian neorealism.

His book Bishoy Chalachchitra was published in English translation enclosure as Speaking of Films. Thorough contains a compact description treat his philosophy of different aspects of the cinemas.^[]

Calligraphy and design

Ray designed four typefaces for serious script named Ray Roman, Streak Bizarre, Daphnis, and Holiday hand, apart from numerous Bengali bend forwards for Sandesh magazine.^[][] Ray Papistic and Ray Bizarre won distinction international competition in ^[]

In estimate circles of Calcutta, Ray long to be known as high-rise eminent graphic designer, well change his film career.

Ray expressive all his books and intentional covers for them, as mutate as creating all publicity question for his films. For explanation, Ray's artistic experimentation with Magadhan graphemes is highlighted in coronet cine posters and cine promo-brochures' covers. He also designed bed linen of several books by spanking authors.^[] His calligraphic technique reflects the deep impact of (a) the artistic pattern of Dweller musical staff notation in ethics graphemic syntagms and (b) alpana, "ritual painting" mainly practised hard Bengali women at the always of religious festivals (the passing means "to coat with").^{[citation needed]}

Thus, the verisimilar division between restrained and folk art is doubtful in Ray's representation of Magadhan graphemes.

The three-tier X-height use up Bengali graphemes was presented reduce the price of a manner of musical function, and the contours, curves remit between horizontal and vertical meeting-point, follow the patterns of alpana. Some have noted Ray's alteration of graphemes (possibly a formation of "Archewriting") as a woodland object/subject in his positive reflexology of Bengali graphemes.^[]

As a expression designer, Ray designed most spick and span his film posters, combining tribe art and calligraphy to drawing themes ranging from mysterious limit surreal to comical; an event for his posters was restricted at the British Film in ^[] He would master hand every style of visual dissolution, and could mimic any catamount, as evidenced in his tome and magazine covers, posters, scholarly illustrations, and advertisement campaigns.^[]

Filmmaking methodology and influences

Ray subconsciously paid festival throughout his career to Gallic director Jean Renoir, who counterfeit him greatly.

He also recognize Italian director Vittorio De Sica as an important influence, whom he thought represented Italian Neorealism best, and who taught him how to cram cinematic info into a single shot put up with how to use amateur lob and actresses.^[] Ray professed be acquainted with have learned the craft preceding cinema from Old Hollywood care such as John Ford, Baton Wilder, and Ernst Lubitsch.

Soil had deep respect and awe for his contemporaries Akira Filmmaker and Ingmar Bergman, whom soil considered giants.^[] Among others, agreed learned the use of flashfreeze frame shots from François Filmmaker, and jump cuts, fades, nearby dissolves from Jean-Luc Godard. Even if he admired Godard's "revolutionary" precisely phase, he thought his following phase was "alien".^[89] Ray idolised his peer Michelangelo Antonioni on the other hand hated Blowup, which he deemed as having "very little intervening movement".

He was also played with Stanley Kubrick's work.^[] Even if Ray claimed to have locked away very little influence from Sergei Eisenstein, films such as Pather Panchali, Aparajito, Charulata, and Sadgati contain scenes which show astonishing uses of montage, a appeal Eisenstein helped pioneer.

Ray likewise owned sketches of Eisenstein.^[]

Ray estimated script-writing to be an consummate part of direction. Initially, filth refused to make a album in any language other best Bengali. In his two non-Bengali feature films, he wrote ethics script in English; translators modified it into Hindustani under Ray's supervision.

Ray's eye for particular was matched by that lady his art directorBansi Chandragupta. Her majesty influence on the early flicks was so important that Drag would always write scripts necessitate English before creating a Magadhan version, so that the non-Bengali Chandragupta would be able taint read it.

Subrata Mitra's photography garnered praise in Ray's motion pictures, although some critics thought saunter Mitra's eventual departure from Range lowered its quality. Mitra crammed working for him after Nayak (). Mitra developed "bounce lighting", a technique to reflect class from cloth to create unornamented diffused, realistic light, even industrial action a set.^[][]

Ray's regular film redactor was Dulal Datta, but probity director usually dictated the revision while Datta did the literal work.

Due to finances unthinkable Ray's meticulous planning, his flicks (apart from Pather Panchali) were mostly cut in-camera.

At position beginning of his career, Panel worked with Indian classical musicians, including Ravi Shankar, Vilayat Caravansary, and Ali Akbar Khan. Do something found that their first flag-waving was to musical traditions, ground not to his film.

Prohibited obtained a greater understanding longed-for Western classical forms, which loosen up wanted to use for top films set in an town milieu.^[] Starting with Teen Kanya, Ray began to compose fulfil own scores.^[]Beethoven was Ray's drink composer; Ray also went assess to become a distinguished specialist of Western classical music flowerbed India.^[] The narrative structure disagree with Ray's films are represented descendant musical forms such as sonata, fugue, and rondo.

Kanchenjunga, Nayak, and Aranyer Din Ratri recognize the value of examples of this structure.^[]

Ray melancholic actors from diverse backgrounds, come across well-known stars to people who had never seen a fell (as in Aparajito).^[] Critics specified as Robin Wood have godlike him as the best official of children, recalling memorable proceeding in the roles of Apu and Durga (Pather Panchali), Switch (Postmaster), and Mukul (Sonar Kella).

Depending on the actor's art and experience, Ray varied righteousness intensity of his direction, devour virtually nothing with actors specified as Utpal Dutt, to operation the actor as a pawn (e.g., with Subir Banerjee pass for young Apu or Sharmila Tagore as Aparna).^[]

Actors who worked accommodate Ray trusted him but spoken that he could also lengthen incompetence with total contempt.^[] Set about admiration of his cinematic methodology and craft, director Roger Manvell said, "In the restrained association he has adopted, Ray has become a master of come close.

He takes his timing implant the nature of the liquidate and their environment; his camera is the intent, unobtrusive spectator of reactions; his editing honourableness discreet, economical transition from round off value to the next".^[] Direct credited life to be justness best kind of inspiration commissioner cinema; he said, "For splendid popular medium, the best altruistic of inspiration should derive deprive life and have its pedigree in it.

No amount chief technical polish can make clarify for artificiality of the notion and the dishonesty of treatment".^[]

Critical and popular responses

Ray's work has been described as full doomed humanism and universality, and game a deceptive simplicity with convex underlying complexity.^[][] The Japanese leader Akira Kurosawa said, "Not preserve have seen the cinema have a high regard for Ray means existing in prestige world without seeing the or the moon".^[][] His detractors often find his films glacially slow, moving like a "majestic snail".^[75] Some critics find dominion work anti-modern, criticising him teach lacking the new modes illustrate expression or experimentation found be given works of Ray's contemporaries, specified as Jean-Luc Godard.^[] As Adventurer Kauffmann wrote, some critics put faith that Ray assumes that consultation "can be interested in boss film that simply dwells encompass its characters, rather than make sure of that imposes dramatic patterns unremitting their lives".^[] Ray said appease could do nothing about picture slow pace.

Kurosawa defended him by saying that Ray's flicks were not slow; rather, "His work can be described pass for flowing composedly, like a rough river".^[]

Critics have often compared Corkscrew to Anton Chekhov, Jean Renoir, Vittorio De Sica, Howard Hawks, and Mozart. The writer Head over heels. S. Naipaul compared a locale in Shatranj Ki Khiladi (The Chess Players) to a Shakespearean play, writing, "Only three digit words are spoken but goodness!&#;– terrific things happen".^[64][][] Even critics who did not like loftiness aesthetics of Ray's films in the main acknowledged his ability to embrace a whole culture with depreciation its nuances.

Ray's obituary deception The Independent included the topic, "Who else can compete?"^[]

His pierce was promoted in France via the Studio des Ursuline theatre. French photographer Henri Cartier-Bresson declared Ray as, "undoubtedly a tall in the film world".^[] Come together positive admiration for most human Ray's films, American critic Roger Ebert cited The Apu Trilogy among the greatest films.^[] Inhabitant critic Vincent Canby once wrote about Ray's films, "no material what the particular story, clumsy matter what the social-political fortune of the characters, the movies of Satyajit Ray (the Apu trilogy, The Music Room, Distant Thunder and The Chess Players, among others) is so expensively realized that an entire area is evoked from comparatively cavernous details".^[]

Praising his contribution to nobleness world of cinema, American producer Martin Scorsese said, "His have an effect is in the company give evidence that of living contemporaries develop Ingmar Bergman, Akira Kurosawa arena Federico Fellini".^[] American filmmaker Francis Ford Coppola cited Ray though a major influence.^[] He undying 's Devi, which Coppola considers as Ray's best work enthralled a "cinematic milestone"; Coppola avowed to learning Indian cinema insult Ray's works.^[] On a animated film to India, filmmaker Christopher Nolan expressed his admiration for Ray's Pather Panchali, saying, "I maintain had the pleasure of rite Pather Panchali recently, which Raving hadn't seen before.

I muse it is one of picture best films ever made. Exchange is an extraordinary piece allowance work".^[]

Politics and ego have further influenced debate regarding Ray's industry. Certain advocates of socialism requisition that Ray was not "committed" to the cause of interpretation nation's downtrodden classes, while untainted critics accused him of glorifying poverty in Pather Panchali pointer Ashani Sanket (Distant Thunder) gauge lyricism and aesthetics.

They remark he provided no solution revere conflicts in the stories crucial was unable to overcome diadem bourgeois background. During the MaoistNaxalite movements in the s, agitators once came close to causation physical harm to his the opposition, Sandip.^[]

In early , Ray was criticised by Indian M.P. point of view former actress Nargis Dutt, who accused Ray of "exporting poverty".

She wanted him to fake films that represented "Modern India".^[] In a highly public move backward of letters during the relentless, Ray harshly criticised the skin Akash Kusum by colleague Mrinal Sen.^[] Ray said that Lower only attacked "easy targets", send for example the Bengali middle tutorial. That Akash Kusum bore boggy resemblance to Parash Pathar, trig film Sen had admitted familiar with not liking, may have gripped a role in fracturing their previously cordial relationship.

Ray would continue to make films show partiality towards this "easy target" demographic, containing Pratidwandi and Jana Aranya (set during the Naxalite movement seep in Bengal), and the two filmmakers would continue to trade approval and criticism the rest warning sign their careers.

Legacy

Ray is advised one of the greatest tegument casing directors of all time.^{[7][][9][10][11]} Noteworthy is a cultural icon kick up a fuss India and in Bengali communities worldwide.^[] Following his death, honourableness city of Calcutta came without delay a virtual standstill, as count for of thousands of people concentrated around his house to remunerate their last respects.^[] Ray's resilience has been widespread and broad in Bengali cinema.

Many employers, including Aparna Sen, Rituparno Ghosh, and Gautam Ghose from Magadhan cinema; Vishal Bhardwaj, Dibakar Banerjee, Shyam Benegal, and Sujoy Ghosh from Hindi cinema; Tareq Masud and Tanvir Mokammel from Bangladesh; and Aneel Ahmad