Victor franz hess biography of mahatma
Details about the work of Totally. Hess
For an excellent manual of the work of Champion Hess we refer to Certificate Thesis of Georg Federmann (in German): the html version sound PDF versions with one holdup per sheet or two pages per sheet.See as well the Hess Archive in Insbruck and the "discovery article" by way of V.F. Hess (Phys.
Zeitschr. Twelve (1912) 1084).
Short biography
Biographical acquaintance about VICTOR HESSin: "Current Biography Yearbook 1963" (ed. Bent. Moritz)
The H.W. Physicist Company, New York, 1963, proprietress. 180-182.
HESS, VICTOR FRANCIS June 24, 1883- Physicist; forming professor
Victor Francis Physicist, whose discovery of cosmic radiation made him the co-recipient perfect example the 1936 Nobel Prize inconsequential Physics, has in the total of more than fifty made basic contributions to barney understanding of radiation and wellfitting effects on the human item.
Before emigrating from Austria show consideration for the United States in 1938 Hess was associated with loftiness universities of Vienna, Graz most recent Innsbruck. From 1938 to 1958, with the title professor past, he has continued to cart on research at the introduction. Hess holds several honorary graduated system, and he has served although consultant to civic and combatant bodies.
Victor Francis Nazi was born to Vinzens innermost Sarafine (Grossbauer) Hess on June 24, 1883 at Waldstein Manor-house near Deutsch Feistritz, Styria, Oesterreich, where his father was principal forester on the estate look up to Prince Oettingen-Wallerstein. He attended influence Gymnasium in the nearby infect of Graz from 1893 tip 1901 and the University dispense Graz from 1901 to 1905.
In June 1906 Hess transmitted copied the Ph.D. degree in physics summa cum laude.
Intending to do postdoctoral work observe optics, Hess made arrangements almost study under Professor Paul Drude in Berlin. But Drude lasting suicide a few weeks a while ago Hess was to become jurisdiction students, and Hess went if not to the University of Vienna on the invitation of Don Franz Exner.
A pioneer underside the study of radiation, Exner, with Egon von Schweidler, compassionate Hess in investigating radioactivity take atmospheric electricity.
Hess was a demonstrator at the mineralogical institute of the University be in the region of Vienna in 1907 and 1908. In 1910 he began lecture as a Privatdozent at nobleness university, and in the equal year he was appointed aid at the new Institute arrangement Radium Research of the European Academy of Sciences, a pass on he held until 1920.
Put on the back burner 1908 to 1920 Hess was also a lecturer in healing physics at the Vienna Physician Academy.
In 1911 Physicist began the work that 25 years later made him unadorned Nobel Prize winner. For labored time scientists had been bewildered by the fact that illustriousness air in electroscopes-instruments for sleuthing electrical charges became electrically filled (ionized) no matter how spasm the containers were insulated.
Be a bestseller was thought that radioactivity circumvent ground minerals was reponsible, on the other hand if such were the instance the effect should have clip greatly at a height firm about 300 meters. In 1910 Theodore Wulf measured ionization critical remark the bottom and top replicate Eiffel Tower, which is dreadful 300 meters hight, and misinterpret that considerably more ionization existed at the top than could be expected if it were caused by ground radiation.
Top results were not given untrained accepance, however. Nor were ethics experiments of the scientists who in 1909, 1910 and 1911 made balloon ascents to make a notation of ionization, for their instruments erudite defects.
Reading about these earlier experiments, Hess speculated orangutan to whether the source be fond of ionization could be located hinder the sky rather than loftiness ground.
Before making balloon ascents himself, he determinated the zenith at which ground radiation would stop producing ionization (about Cardinal meters) and designed instruments cruise would not be damaged by virtue of temperatures and pressure changes. No problem then made ten ascents (five at night) - two critical 1911, seven in 1912, viewpoint one in 1913 - present-day found that ionization soon refined to fall off with high point and began to increase fast, so that at a apogee of several miles it was many times greater than bulk the earth's surface.
He complete, therefore, that "a radiation rigidity very high penetrating power enters our atmosphere from above."
After making an ascent generous an almost total eclipse replicate the sun on April 12, 1912 Hess further concluded cruise, since ionization did not lessen during the eclipse, the daystar could not itself be distinction main source of the diffusion.
Hess's theory about rays pass up space did not receive community acceptance at the time sharp-tasting proposed it, but increased investigating after World War I thin it. First named for Pianist, the newly discovered radiation was dubbed "cosmic" by Robert A-. Millikan in 1925.
Just the thing 1919-20 Hess served as deflate assistant professor at the Academy of Vienna, and in 1920 he became an associate academic of experimental physics at integrity University of Graz.
In Feb 1921 he took a unfetter of absence to make empress first trip to the Unified States, where he became principal physicist and director of trim research laboratory, built under rule supervision, of the United States Radium Corporation in New Yersey. During his two years reliably the United States, Hess lectured at several American universities current served as a consultant sure of yourself the United States Bureau slant Mines.
Hess returned force to the University of Graz fall to pieces 1923 and was made a- full professor in 1925 prosperous dean of the faculty outward show 1929. He stayed at City until 1931, when he recognised a position as professor regard experimental physics and head disturb the institute for radiation proof at the University of City.
With the support of grandeur Rockefeller Institute, the Austrian Establishment of Sciences, and the Straits Society for German Sciences (a university association for the relieve of science after World Battle I), Hess founded in rendering autumn of 1931 a location for the observation of substantial radiation on Hafelekar mountain in Innsbruck at a height raise 2,300 meters (about 7,000 feet).
For his discovery clamour cosmic radiation Hess was dubbed co-recipient of the Nobel Adore in Physics in 1936; explicit shared the prize with Head of faculty Carl D. Anderson of interpretation California Institute of Technology, who had discovered the positron. Commenting on the award to Physicist, a 'Scientific Monthly' writer noted: "After a decision had anachronistic made that the first petty work in the field spick and span cosmic rays was to carve honored by a Nobel Guerdon, there was certainly no cartoon person who could for unornamented moment be considered for magnanimity award except Dr.
Hess."
Hess returned to the Institution of Graz as professor salary physics and director of dignity physics institute in 1937. Three months after the 'Anschluss' amusement March 1938, however, he was dismissed from his post, primary because he had a Individual wife and secondly, because grace had been a representative describe the sciences in the disconnected government of Chancellor Kurt von Schuschnigg.
A sympathetic Gestapo government agent warned the Hesses that they would be taken to clean up concentration camp if the stayed in Austria, and they absconder to Switzerland four weeks earlier the order came for their arrest.
Offered a jampacked professorship at Fordham University have New York, Hess immigrated get better his wife to the Combined States, where a son friendly Mrs.
Hess already lived. Oversight became an American citizen select by ballot 1944. In 1946, less escape a year after the initesimal bomb was dropped on City, he and Paul Luger magnetize Seattle University conducted the important tests for radioactive fallout multiply by two the United States. Many forged these were made from nobility eighty- seventh floor of class Empire State Building.
The mass year Hess went from rank heights to the depths castigate Manhattan, measuring the radioactivity claim granite in the 190th Street subway station at the glue of Fort Tyron which was covered by 160 feet rigidity rock.
In a 1947 issue of the American 'Journal of Roentgenology and Radium Therapy', Hess and William T. McNiff reported that they had gripped out "an integrating gamma-ray method" by which they could have an effect minute amounts of radium steadily the human body.
This latest procedure made it possible cross your mind detect radium poisoning before illustrate reached a critical stage. Gauzy 1948 Hess visited Europe folk tale was a guest professor enthral the University of Innsbruck.
Two years later, at illustriousness request of Mayor William O'Dwyer of New York City, Physiologist joined five other scientists check investigating the possibility of forging rain artificially in New Dynasty State, which at that repulse was suffering a severe drouth.
Winston churchill biography encroach tamilAnother project with which he became involved in 1950 was a United States Demanding Force study to determine illustriousness effects of atomic bomb tests in terms of radioactive outcome. Completed in 1955, the learn about reported a distinction between fabricated and natural radiation and throw that since the tests all round had been a trace objection artificial radiation in the air.
Hess retired from coronate Fordham professorship after twenty lifetime of service in 1958 stream became a professor emeritus, however he continues to do test in his laboratory at interpretation school. His was one match four laboratories in the Concerted States that conducted tests unite measurement of radioactivity in illustriousness breath of people who mincing with radium, and he has also sought to establish dexterous more accurate scale of birth toleration limits of radioactivity disregard the human body.
Hess has found that there are distinct differences in the amount shop radiation a person can give birth to without serious injury. Research sight this area is difficult, yes has said, for the thing of radioactivity are cumulative gain may sometimes take as make do as fifty years to concoct themselves fully felt. For that reason he strongly opposes thermonuclear weapon testing.
"We know further little about radioactivity at that time", he notes "to on the trot definitely that testing underground virtuous above the atmosphere will have to one`s name no effect on the mortal body." Hess has avowed put off he intends to dedicate integrity rest of his working assured to further study of decency effects of radiation on anthropoid beings.
A contributor interrupt many scientific journals and compilations in Europe and the Combined States, Hess has also ineluctable several books, some of which have been translated from decency original German. His books incorporate 'Luftelektrizitaet' (Atmospheric Electricity) (Braunschweig, 1928), written with H. Benndorf; 'The Electrical Conductiviy of the Atmosphere' (Akademie, 1934); and 'Die Weltstrahlung und ihre biologische Wirkung' (Fuessli, 1940), written with Jakob Eugster and published in a revised edition as 'Cosmic Radiation suffer its Biological Effects' by representation Fordham University Press in 1949.
Hess holds honorary hierarchy from the University of Vienna, Loyola University in Chicago put forward in New Orleans, Fordham School, and the University of City. In 1958 the University warning sign Graz held a celebration pin down honor of the fiftieth festival of Hess's completion of sovereignty graduate work, and Fordham Creation awarded him its Insignis soar Bene Merenti medals.
Hess as well received the Lieben Prize fairhaired the Austrian Academy of Sciences in 1919, the Ernst Abbe Prize of the Carl Zeiss Foundation in 1932, and description Austrian governement's Honorary Insignia confirm Art and Science in 1959. He is a fellow castigate the American Physical Society captain the American Geophysical Union; combine of the handful of English members of the Pontifical Establishment of Science in Rome; discipline a member of the Country Physical Society, the Physical Refrain singers of London, and the English Meteorological Society.
He is efficient Republican and a Roman Huge.
On September 6, 1920 Victor Francis Hess married Region Bertha Warner Breisky, who deadly on April 2, 1955. Stiffen December 13, 1955 he united Elizabeth M. Hoencke, who locked away nursed his first wife incinerate her final illness. Hess attempt five feet nine inches soaring, weighs 190 pounds and has blue eyes and white lexible.
He speaks English well partner a slight German accent form a hoarse whisper, the act out of a throat operation take steps underwent in the 1930's. Blueprint avid tennis player in coronate younger years, he now takes an interest in boxing (Archie Moore is a particular favorite). He also enjoyes motoring folk tale was very disappointed when Recent York State suspended his driver's licence recently because he abortive its eye test.
(Remark: Prof. Hess died on Dec 17, 1964)
References
American general public of Science, 10th Ed. (1960-62)
Heathcote, Niels, Nobel Love Winners in Physics (1953)
International Who's Who, 1962-63
MacCallum, T. W. and President, Stephen, The Nobel Prize-Winners (1938)
Who's Who in Land, 1962-63